1、Unit 3 Pub Talk and the Kings English,Advanced English,Aims,To learn the methods in developing an expository writing, esp. the use of examplesTo know how to make good conversationTo learn the differences between “pub talk” and the Kings English To analyse the features of spoken English To appreciate
2、 the language features,Teaching Contents,1. Background information 2. Text analysis 3. Detailed study: Vocabulary and structure, paraphrase 4. Stylistic features & Rhetorical devices 5. Exercises,Procedures,Pre-reading QuestionsBackground information,Vocabulary Phrases Text,Exercises,Advanced Englis
3、h,Warm-up,What is the nature of language? How is language related to culture, politics, and society? This unit will provide you with the opportunities to explore some of these issues.,Background Information,The History of Britain 1.The native people in Britain - Celt (language) 2. Roman Conquest 43
4、AD, ruled for 400 yearsLatin (language),Background Information,3. In 449, Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Northwest of Germany , conquered the most part of England English - old English 4. 9th century, Scandinavian conquest Danish (language) 5. 11th century Norman Conquest for 400 years French (langua
5、ge) Middle English 6. British people conquered the conquest again. English won its recognition. Modern English 7. American English has become the dominant world variety.,History of English,The Seven Ages of English,1. Pre-English period ( c. AD 450) The local languages in Britain were Celtic. After
6、the Roman invasion in c. 55 BC Latin became the dominant language of culture and government. Many communities in Britain were bilingual: Celtic-Latin. English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language
7、of England between 400 and 1100 A.D.,2. Early Old English (450 c. 850),Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain in c. AD 499 when Romans left. Settlers brought a variety of Germanic dialects from mainland Europe. First English literature appeared in c. AD 700. English borrowed many words from Latin via the chur
8、ch.,3. Later Old English (c. 850 1100),There were extensive invasions and settlements from Scandinavia. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language. In the north of England dialects of English became
9、strongly influenced by Scandinavian languages. In the south King Alfred arranged for many Latin texts to be translated.,4.Middle English (c. 1100 1450),From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still
10、 used by the lower classes. English vocabulary and spelling were now affected by French, which became the official language of England. Educated English people were trilingual: French, Latin, and English.,5.Early modern English (c. 1450 1750),This age includes the Renaissance, the Elizabethan era an
11、d Shakespeare. The role of the church, of Latin and of French declined and English became a language of science and government. Britain grew commercially and acquired overseas colonies. English was taken to America, Australia, and India. Slave trade carried black speakers of African languages to Car
12、ibbean and America, giving rise to English Creoles. English acquired a typographic identity with the rise of printing. There were many attempts to “standardize and fix“ the language with dictionaries and grammars.,Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most fa
13、mous Middle English works is Chaucers The Canterbury Tales.,The Development of Modern English,Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a
14、 great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century s
15、everal versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people.,In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan perio
16、d is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people.,The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of
17、 English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use.,6. Modern English (1750 1950),Britain experienced Industrial Revolution, and consolidated imperial power, introducing English medium education in many parts of the world. English became the international language of advertising
18、and consumerism.,By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnsons dictionary was published, N
19、oah Websters The Elementary Spelling Book was published in the US. At first it used Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.,7.Late modern English (1950 ),Britain has retreated from Empire. New standardized v
20、arieties of English have emerged in newly independent countries. English has become the international language of communication technology. American English has become the dominant world variety. The different people, languages and territories involved in the early English period are referred to by
21、a bewildering variety of names. This is partly because historians are not very sure exactly who was who, so they use different terms to describe them. But there were genuinely many different peoples and language varieties which contributed to the development of English and which were given different
22、 names by speakers of different languages. Indeed, the names used to describe people, places and languages often reflect the viewpoint from which the story is told. (Graddol 1996: 41, 98),20th Century English,During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were pu
23、blished. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet.,English is now an international language and is used as a means of c
24、ommunication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.,What do you think is the purpose of vis
25、iting a pub or making pub friends?,A British Pub,Along the bank of Thames,British Pub,You have to be 18 years old to order a drink in a pub. Some pubs will allow people over 14 years old to go inside if they are with someone who is over 18, but they are not allowed to go to the bar or to have an alc
26、oholic drink.,British Pub,Open: SUMMER: Mon-Sat: 12-11; Sun: 12-10:30; WINTER: Mon-Sat: 5-11; Sun: 12-10:30,British Pub,Most pubs have no waiters-you have to go to the bar to buy drinks.A group of youths waiting 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own.This may sound inconv
27、enient,but there is a hidden purpose.,British Pub,Pub culture is designed to promote sociability in a society known for its reserve.Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others waiting to be served.The bar counter is possibly the only site in the British Isles in which friendly con
28、versation with strangers is considered entirely appropriate and really quite normal behaviour.,British Pub,Pubs, besides offering drinks and food, serve as places for meeting friends and for entertainment. Many have, for instance, television sets, amusement machines and juke-boxes and provide facili
29、ties for playing darts, billiards, dominoes and similar games. Some also employ musicians for evening entertainment, such as piano playing, folk singing and modern jazz.,Pint of English Bitter,Bitter is traditional British beer (also known as ale). It is quite strong and leaves a bitter taste in you
30、r mouth after drinking. It is usually served at room temperature. - Light ales (or mild brews), contain fewer hops and are less alcoholic. - Strong ales have a high alcoholic content and a strong flavour.,Wine,Wine is an increasingly popular drink in the UK. - house wine (red or white). Cider is a t
31、raditional English alcoholic drink made from apples. Whisky is a strong drink produced in Scotland and in Ireland.,Drinks,In summertime a popular drink is Pimms and lemonade. This is a traditional cocktail of either Pimms Number 1 (based on gin) or Pimms Number 6 (based on vodka) together with ice,
32、citrus fruits (lemon/orange/lime) and lemonade/ginger ale.,Cheese & onion crisps,It is common to ask for snacks to eat with your drink. Common snacks: -crisps -peanuts -pork scratchings (smoky bacon and beef),Pub friends,Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate en
33、ough to be curious about each others private life and thoughts.,Pub friends,The Author,Henry Fairlie (1924 - 1990) a British journalist for The Spectator, which he joined in 1955. Before that he had been a feature writer for The Observer 1948-50, and a political editorial writer for The Times 1950-5
34、4. He was also a regular contributor to The New Republic from the mid-1970s until his death in 1990. He relocated to the United States in 1965 to avoid a British libel suit, for having called his one-time lover Antonia Fraser a whore on television.,The Author,He coined the term The Establishment in
35、his column in The Spectator on 23 September, 1955. Fairlie wrote: By the “Establishment“, I do not only mean the centres of official powerthough they are certainly part of itbut rather the whole matrix of official and social relations within which power is exercised. The exercise of power in Britain
36、 (more specifically, in England) cannot be understood unless it is recognised that it is exercised socially,His works,The Life of Politics, Methuen, 1969. The Kennedy Promise, Doubleday, 1973. The Spoiled Child of the Western World: The Miscarriage of the American Idea in Our Time, Doubleday, 1976.
37、The Parties: Republicans and Democrats in This Century, St. Martins, 1978. The Seven Deadly Sins Today, New Republic Books, 1978. A Journey into America, Harper & Row (New York, NY), 1985. (With Mary Gordon and Alexander Theroux) The Revenge of Failure: The Culture of Envy and Rage, foreword by Os G
38、uinness, Trinity Forum (Burke, VA), 1994.,1. Introduction to the Passage,1). Type of literature: a piece of exposition What is Kings English? What is pub talk? 2). The purpose of a piece of exposition: - to inform or explain, put forth, expound with verifiable facts and valid information so that the
39、 reader will accept his point of view or explanation. There is generally a “thesis” statement” in such writing. 3). Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition: comparison, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc.,Pre-reading Questions:,1. What do you th
40、ink of the title of this unit? In what way is “pub talk“ connected with “the Kings English“? Is the title of the piece well-chosen? 2. Point out the literary and historical allusions used in this piece and comment on their use. 3. What is the function of Para. 5? Is the change from “pub talk“ to “th
41、e Kings English“ too abrupt? 4. Do the simple idiomatic expressions like “to be on the rocks, out of bed on the wrong side, etc.,“ go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer uses? Give your reasons. 5. Does the writer reveal his political inclination in this piece of writi
42、ng? How?,Introduction to the Passage,It has a rather a loose organization: title, abrupt transition paragraph, digression-authors reflections on the history and meaning of “the Kings English, his love for dictionaries and the salons of 18th century Paris The last sentence in the last paragraph winds
43、 up (ends up) the theme by pointing out what is the bane (祸害） of good conversation.- digression离题,The title of the text,The title of this piece is not very aptly chosen. It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pu
44、b talk and the kings English Whereas the writer, in reality, is just discoursing on what makes good conversation. He feels that bar conversation in the pub has a charm of its own.,The title of the text,The writer illustrates his point by describing the charming conversation he had with some people o
45、ne evening in a pub on the topic “the Kings English“.,Introduction to the Passage,The real thesis - in the 3rd para. “Bar conversation has a charm of its own”. A better title would be: “ The Art of Good Conversation“ “The Charms of Conversation“,Transitional paragraph,Para.5 is a transition. From he
46、re the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of it.,Introduction to the Passage,6. What is the thesis statement? The thesis is expressed in the opening sentence “Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities”.7. What is the main idea of the
47、passage? General discussion on what makes good conversation,Structural analysis,Part 1 par.1-2 The writer puts forward the theses. 1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. what conversation is and what characteristics of a real conversation are.,Part 2 Paras. 3-5: focus on pub c
48、onversation with a charm of its own by giving us specific example of a conversation.,Part 3 par. 6-11 an example to support the thesis no fixed topic - the Kings English - Australia - Saxon churls - the language barriers The example has well explained where its charm lies.,Part 4 paras.12-19 more di
49、gressions (what the writer thought about after the bar conversation the night before) Para.12-15 He gives his personal reflection on the history and meaning of the Kings English Para.16-19 By the mentioning of dictionaries and salons of 18th Paris, he reveals his attitude towards the Kings English Attitude: 1) not ultimatum 2) slips and slides,Part 5 Para. 20-21 conclusion Those people who ruin the conversation by trying to talk sense are just like chimpanzees who are not capable of conversation.,Para.1-3 Questions:,
