1、词类转换法 一、 转换成汉语动词汉语中动词用得比较多,往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。英语中同一单词具有不止一种词性的现象较之现代汉语普遍，而且英语动词可以通过本身的词形变换转变成名词而不改变原来的含义。汉语没有这种词形变化，但可以灵活运用连动式、兼语式和动宾结构。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词等）在汉译时往往可以转换成动词。,（一）名词转译成动词 英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词以及其他一些名词经常可以转译成汉语的动词。 1动名词和由动词派生的名词往往转译成动词 No other changes occur up
2、on mixing the two compounds. 把这两种物质混合起来不会发生其他变化。,2具有动作含义的名词转译成动词 (1) He was accused of neglect of his duties. 他被指控玩忽职守。 (2) A study of the letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。,3由动词加后缀-er或-or构成的名词转译成动词 英语中有些带后缀-er或-or的名词，有时在句中并不用来指某人的身份或职业，而是带有较强的动作意味，在汉
3、语中没有恰当的对应名词，往往可以译成动词。 That well-known scientist was a great lover of literature when he was a child. 那位著名科学家小时候酷爱文学。 (2) I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟会比我教的好。,4.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译为动词 英语中有大量习语化的短语动词，如give a picture of, have a
4、 try, make mention of, pay attention to, take care of等，它们的中心词是名词，译成汉语时，一般可以转译成动词。 The speaker gave an excellent picture of the living conditions in Africa. 演说者生动描述了非洲的生活状况。 (2) We can make use of atomic energy in the production processes. 我们可以在这些生产过程中利用原子能。,5.其他名词转译成动词 (1)A fire in the neighbors hou
5、se can easily bring disaster to everyone. 一家失火，四邻遭殃。,（二）介词转译成动词 英语中介词与及物动词在句法特征上具有共性，即两者都可以带宾语。实际上，不少介词就是由动词演变而来的，并且仍带有明显的动作含义；还有一些介词虽不直接来源于动词，在一定的上下文中同样具有动作意义。这些经常带有动作意味的介词，如across, around, by, for, in, into, over, past, through, toward和with等，汉译时宜根据具体情况转译为动词。,(1) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the
6、 lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来了！”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。,此外，英语中有不少的短语介词同样具有动作、行为意义，如by means of, in excess of, in favor of, instead of, in spite of, in view of和regardless of等。这些短语介词汉译时，也往往转译为动词。,（三）形容词转译成动词 英语形容词不少可以转译成动词。这种形容词大体包括两类：一类主要是由动词
7、派生或转换而来，大多能引申出动作意义；另一类多用于表示各种心理状态，而这些心理状态在汉语中一般用动词表达。,1.由英语动词派生或转换成的形容词转译成汉语动词 英语中有一部分形容词，尤其是那些由动词派生或转换来的形容词，即所谓的同源形容词，能够引申出动作意味。英文汉译时，这些形容词往往转译成动词。 (1) Employers by and large are resistant to mediation. 从总体上说，雇主是抵制调解的。,此外，还有一些形容词尽管并不是从动词派生或转换而来的，有时也宜转译成汉语动词，使译文更确切地表达其隐含的动作意义，或者使译文更符合汉语习惯。 (1) It is
8、 a deplorable fact that the air is thick with dust. 空气中充满灰尘，这是可悲的事实。 (2) The program was not popular with all of the students in the school. 并不是学校里所有的学生都喜欢这个计划。,（四）副词转换成动词 英语中一些副词，如apart, behind, in, off, on, out, over, up等，在用作表语或宾语补足语时，经常可以转译为汉语动词。 After careful investigation they found the design
9、behind. 经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落后了 (2) Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over. 尼克松先生屡次声明，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。,二、 转换成汉语名词 一般可以转译成汉语名词的英语词类包括动词、形容词、副词和代词等。 （一）动词转译成名词 经常转译成汉语名词的动词主要是那些由名词派生或转换而成的动词，或是那些侧重表示相对静止状态的动词，或是其意义用汉语动词不易表达，而用相同意义的汉语名词却可以自然通顺地体现出来的动词。,(1)This ar
10、ticle aims at discussing new development in component material and techniques. 本文的目的在于讨论元件材料和元件技术的新成就。 (2) The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations. 电子计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。,（二）形容词转译成名词 1英语中一些名词化的形容词与定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物。这种形容词翻译时往往转换成汉语名词。 After carefully treatmen
11、t, the deaf have recovered their hearing. 经过悉心治疗后，聋人恢复了他们的知觉。 (2) Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。,（三）副词转换成名词 英语中有一些以名词为词根派生出的副词，往往含有“在方面”、“用方法”等含义。翻译时，为了使译文通顺，经常将这类副词转换为汉语名词。 (1) He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健
12、康。 (2) It was officially announced that the President had decided to postpone his visit to the Middle East. 官方宣布，总统已决定推迟出访中东。,（四）代词转换成名词 英语多用代词，汉语多用实称。一般情况下，除非有意强调或为了修辞的目的，英语往往使用代词以避免重复使用同一名词。相比较而言，汉语则更习惯这种重复。因此，按照汉语的这种习惯，翻译时英语中的某些代词经常转译为它们所代替的名词。 (1)The result of this experiment is much better than
13、 those of previous ones. 这次试验的结果比前几次的试验结果好得多。 (2) The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the liter. 重量的单位是克，长度的单位是米，容积的单位是升。,三、 转换成汉语形容词 （一）名词转换成形容词 往往可以转换成汉语形容词的英语名词基本是一些由形容词派生、表达事物的性质或是前面带有不定冠词在句中用作表语、且可引申出形容词含义的名词。当然间或为了使译文自然达意，也可将其他名词变通处理，转译为形容词。 大体说
14、来，英语中可以转换成汉语形容词的主要包括某些名词和副词。,(2) Given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job. 鉴于他们没有经验，干成这样真不错。 He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。,（二）副词转译成形容词 1由于副词所修饰动词转译成了汉语名词，从而导致原本修饰动词的副词转换成修饰名词的形容词。英语副词转换成汉语形容词，主要是由于所修饰的动词转译成了名词，或是某些副词本身在句子中做定语，翻译时相应转
15、换成汉语形容词。 Her lecture impressed us deeply. 她的讲演给我们留下了很深的印象。 (2)The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation. 电子计算机的主要特点是运算准确、迅速,2当所修饰的形容词转译成汉语名词时，本来修饰这一形容词的副词有时也随之转换成汉语形容词。 3英语中有些副词如above, abroad, around, below, here, there等，常作定语用，译成汉语时，这类副词往往转换成形容词，仍然用作定语。 (1) T
16、he table below shows the specific weights of metals. 下面的表格中具体列出了金属的比重。 (2) The above suggestion seems to be sensible. 上述建议似乎是通情达理的,练习题 1.There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable. (n. v.) 2. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell
17、cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa where U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27% in 1974. (n. v.) 3. When she came back, the television was still on, for she had forgotten to turn it off when she left. (adv. v.),4. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as
18、 that. (adv. v.) 5. Originally he was from Sweden. (adv. n.) 6. Mr. White with great cheerfulness told her that he had good news to communicate. (n. adv.),7. Numerous abstentions marked the French elections. (v. n.) 8. These handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. (adj. v.) 9. The old hunter is a good skier. (n. v.) 10. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as they can look after themselves. (adj. v.),
