1、SAT 阅读讲义,SAT 阅读构成,三个section，每个section含2个部分：句子填空：【Sentence Completion】段落阅读：【Critical Reading】1. section 2/3 : 【time】- 25” 24 questions【5 SC ; 19 CR】 2. section 5/7 : 【time】- 25” 24 questions【8 SC ; 16 CR】 3. section 8/9 : 【time】- 20” 19 questions【 6 SC ; 13 CR】,Scoring Standard,总题量：67 = 总分：800 评分公式：3
2、个section总的正确个数 R; 总的错误个数 W.Raw Score = R (W 0.25),Critical Reading,Types of questions: 【Single passage】short (100) - 连续出现2篇文章，每篇文章2道题；long (450 - 900) - 有时1篇13题，有时2篇连续出现，每篇6-9题； 【Paired-passage】short (250) - 1篇4题；long (600 - 1000) - 1篇1213道题。,SAT 阅读难点,1. 词汇：a. 量大： 【10000以上】=（托福6000）；b. 用更加生僻的单词替换掉常用
3、的词：显著的，突出的：outstanding / prominent salient痛苦的：painful / miserable afflicting / thornyc. 某些常见单词取生僻的意思：qualified ：有资格的 guarded：受保卫的 有限制的 谨慎的；有保留的 d. 一些不符合词根词缀规律的单词：indifferent dispassionate disinterested漠不关心的 公平的 无私的，公正的,SAT 阅读难点,2.句式结构非常复杂 a. 句子意思很简单，但却绕着说，一句话主语有了，但谓语往往会隔了好几行才出现，中间插入一些内容用来迷惑考生。Mary b
4、urned her manuscriptMarys manuscript was consigned to flames.George Washington became the president of the United States in 1789. George Washington, often referred to as the Father of Our Country, assumed the presidency of the United States in a year when the country was undergoing mounting domestic
5、 strife(日趋高涨的国内冲突).b. 大量使用长难句：倒装、省略、比较、从句套用。C. 中国学生不熟悉的比喻或文学修辞：,“No, I wont ride with servicemen ,”said my casuallyseditious father, as he slowed down and peered ata soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed, while I, patriotically offended, watched the stunned defender of my freedoms kicking
6、 at his duffle bag and getting smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac continued its fuming orbit.,“No, I wont ride with servicemen- ,”said my casually 随意的，漫不经心的 seditious father, as he slowed down and peered at a煽动性的 当 soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed, 重新开始 车辆的经济行驶速度 while I, patrioti
7、cally offended, watched the stunned爱国地 【插入语，V-ed形式表被动】 defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle bag 借代（“我自由的守护者”） 帆布旅行袋 and getting smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac 明喻 旁蒂克 continued its fuming orbit. （美国产轿车）,SAT 阅读难点,3. 每个阅读文章后面的问题问得非常刁钻 ; 4.时间紧迫:在70分钟内，要完成19道句子填空题，7篇文章的阅读，再完成48道阅读理解题。 要求考
8、生不仅要能把文章看懂题目做对，而且还要学会快速扫读，把握全文核心意思，并且还要关注文章的细节性问题。 】 5.题材广泛：涉及到社会科学、人文科学、自然科学的各方面的内容，另外，每次的真题考试还有一篇小说阅读。,SAT 阅读基本原则,1. 注意正文前对作者和文章简短介绍的斜体字;【作者的背景、文章的基本介绍 谋篇布局和作者的写作目的】2. 不要过多的拘泥于文章的某个细节；3. 重点阅读文章前三分之一左右的内容；【主题，写作意图， 作者对于论述主体的态度】4. 用自己的语言对文章进行总结。【topic / 作者观点态度】。,SAT阅读文章特点,1. 新旧观点型2. 结论解释型3. 现象解释型问题解
9、决型,标志词：traditionally, usually, many XXX believe, its frequently assume that.;重点：新观点是文章的TS_ 标志：首句是个判断句，而且二句和二段句首无转折；TS：首句就是TS ；判断句式：1. 系动词（be, remain）+ adj2. 文章首句如果含有作者的态 度/评价，也是判断句 _ 标志：文章首段给出一个社会/自然现象或者困难/problem；TS： 给出的解释或解决方案的句子；注意：如果解释和回答出现多于一次，则 TS在作者给出正评价的解释/回答,Question 6-7 are based on the fo
10、llowing passage.Sometimes the meaning of old phrases is self-evident, as with to move like greased lighting and a close shave. But quite often Line we are left with language that seems to have 5 sprung out of the blue and does not appear to signify anything in particular even steven, fit as a fiddle
11、, or to paint the town red.Explanations are frequently posited but are too often unpersuasive. One popular dictionary, 10 for example, suggests that to be joshing might be connected to the humorist Josh Billings, but in fact the term was current as early as 1845. Josh Billings was unknown outside hi
12、s neighborhood until 1860.,The following passage appeared in an essay written in 1987 in which the author, who is of Native American descent, examines the representation of Native Americans during the course of United States history.In many respects living Native Americans remains as mysterious, exo
13、tic, and unfathomable to their contemporaries at the end of the twentieth century as they were to the Pilgrim settlers over three hundred fifty years ago. Native rights, motives, customs, languages, and aspirations are misunderstood by Euro-Americans out of a culpable ignorance that is both self-ser
14、ving and self-righteous.This idea is certainly not new. Rousseaus “noble savages” wandered, pure of heart, through a pristine world. Since native people were simply assumed to be incomprehensible, they were seldom comprehended. Their societies were simply beheld, often through cloudy glasses, and ra
15、rely probed by the tools of logic and deductive analysis automatically reserved for cultures prejudged to be “civilized”. ,SAT阅读关键：变速阅读,精读：论点(文章主题/作者观点) 略读：论据 _ 典型论据：1. 例子、类比、比喻 爱出in order to题型问题的答案在总结和归纳的句中 精读例子、比喻的具体内容 略读。2. 顺接连词: in addition，moreover，further，also这些词后面的内容和前面的内容相似，作者观 点也不会改变，因此如果前面
16、能看懂，则后面可略读；3. “:” 是前半句的简化的重复 略读；“;” 后半句是前半句的并列内容 略读。,4. 有明确列举标志的内容，以列举对象为主，对象的具体描述略读；first，second5. 让步语气：a). 让步之后必有转折，真正的态度在转折； 以转折内容为主，让步部分略读；b). 被作者让步的地方常考态度题， 答案中必包含让步语气；6. 任何一个理论中“内容” 略读； “态度”、“观点” 精读；7. 任何原因均可略读【结论以及作者所持态度是】8. 大段引用可快速阅读，重点看引用前；,How to read,What you can learn from the italics? M
17、any article and books have been written proposing a major revamping of the nations school system. In this excerpt, the author presents his own views on this subject.文章主题（topic）：作者的行文套路：,revamping of the nations school system,作者给出自己的观点：,1).开门见山开篇直接给出自己的观点；,2).先列出其他人的观点, 否定他人观点, 给出自己的观点,When nearly ev
18、erybody agrees on something, it probably isnt so. Nearly everybody agrees: its going to take a revolution to fix Americas public schools. From the great national think tanks to the neighborhood PTA, the call to the barriers is being trumpeted Louis V Gerstner Jr., head of RJR Nabisco and one of the
19、business leaders Noah Principle: “No more prizes for predicting rain. Prizes only for building arks. Weve got to change whole schools and the whole school system.” But it isnt so: most of that is just rhetoric. In the first place, nobody really wants a revolution. Revolution would mean junking the w
20、hole present structure of education overnight and inventing a new one from scratch, in the giddy conviction that anything must be an improvement no matter what it costs in terms of untaught kids, wrecked careers, and doomed experiments. What these folks really want isnt revolution but major reform,
21、changing the system radically but in an orderly fashion. The changes are supposed to be tested in large-scale pilot programs Gertners “arks” and then installed nationally.,他人观点,指出他人观点的不足,【首先】- 分析原因,强调句型【】,But even that is just a distant gleam in the eye and a dubious proposition too. Theres nothing
22、like a consensus even on designing those arks, let alone where they are supposed to come to ground. And anyone who has watched radical reforms in the real world has to be wary of them; invariably, they take a long time and cost a great deal, and even so they fail more often than they succeed. In org
23、anizations as in organisms, evolution works best a step at a time. The best and most natural changes come not in whole sale gulps, but in small bites. What the think-big reformers fail to acknowledge is that school all over the country are changing all the time. . The important thing is that local s
24、chools arent waiting for a revolution, or for gurus to decree the new model classroom from see to shinning sea. They are working out their own problems and making their own school better. ,作者开始给出自己的观点,当一句话过于抽象时，可暂不读，后面一点会解释,【强调句 + 转折】 - 引出作者观点,SAT 阅读基本解题技巧,1. 直选法优先：精确定位 + 改写同意替换、逻辑改写2. 排除法：a. 尽量使用文字
25、对应【排除文章中没有出现的n. v. 带有感情色彩的adj.】注意：最高级、唯一性、比较b. 选项中出现某些特定的词很可能是错的：1）过轻、过弱： indifferent / nonchalant / apathy冷漠的 detached / resigned超然的 / 认命、顺从的2）过好的： lighthearted / jocular / facetious 无忧无虑的/ 诙谐的 / 轻率的fervent / adulatory炽热的 / 谄媚的,3）过坏的：envious / resentful / callous / cynical嫉妒的 / 憎恨的 / 麻木的 /愤世嫉俗的 spi
26、teful / scornful /disparaging 恶意的 / 轻蔑的 / 污蔑的、毁谤的 4）程度过强/100%无余地：only completely entirely untempered（无节制的），unmitigated（绝对的）definitely ,SAT 四类文章,【阅读方法介绍】,Short Single Passage,1. 概况：连续出现2篇， 每篇 2 questions2. 时间： 3 mins / passage3. 阅读关键： 找出文章的主旨 4. 做题步骤：a划出主题句：快速阅读文章的首句。如果首句不是概括性的主题句，阅读最后一句。【注】：有些短文章没有明
27、显主题句(特别是叙事型短文)，需要自己总结或概括出作者的态度；b如果第一句是主旨句，直接看题干；若首尾句均不是主题句，快速浏览全文概括；c阅读题干快速判断是考察全文主旨，还是细节。, Tips 【短篇文章无论哪种题型，大部分归根结底都是在考察文章的主旨】,短文章常见的题型,A. 修辞目的题【同托福】 在文章中的结构：1). TS + For instance / example + details2). Examples / explanations + conclusion3). Examples / explanations 解题步骤：1. 先看例子前句判断是否是总括句或全文主旨句；2.
28、若前句不是，则答案在本句。 P577-9-10; P645-7; P725-9; P763-6-9 ,短文章常见的题型,B. 作者态度题： 问题：tone / attitude / reaction / response / feeling sentiment / expression / view / regard 解题步骤：【寻找有强烈感情色彩的adj. / v.】1). 如果问某个单词的态度：只看该单词所在的句子；2). 如果问某句话的态度：先看所问的句子，如果没有，看前一句；3). 如果问全文态度：看总括句 P645 6-8; P725 10-12; P763 8; P961 12 P
29、577 2 ; P725 2-11 ; P763 1-2 ,Short Paired-Passage,1. 概况：P1 + P2 followed by 4 questions 2. 时间： 5 mins 3. 基本步骤：a. 快速阅读P1和P2，注意首句（TS）和 末句（conclusion），划出主题句。b. 重点阅读第二段段首，判断两篇文章关系。 一定要将两篇文章的主旨标注出来，并将关系尽量简单的写在旁边 c. 略读题干，确定题干的类型；【考什么】,P1 和P2 常见关系, Opposition：（V1 V2）1). V2 totally different from V1 2). V2
30、 partially against V1 P781 部分否定的典型说法：(混合态度，重点在后)I cannot dispute A【的绝对化即第一篇文章的主旨】. What I do dispute, however, is / are B【第二篇文章的观点】。I do not dispute _. But I _.3). V2 extends V1 P972 Support： （V1 / V2） P663 Relate to each other in some ways P899,Passage 1 The intelligence of dolphins is well documen
31、ted by science. Studies show that dolphins are able to understand sign language, solve puzzles, and use objects in their environment as tools. Scientists also believe that dolphins possess a sophisticated language: numerous instances have been recorded in which dolphins transmitted information from
32、one individual to another. A recent experiment proved that dolphins can even recognize themselves in a mirror something achieved by very few animals. This behavior demonstrates that dolphins are aware of their own individuality, indicating a level of intelligence that may be very near our own.Passag
33、e 2Are dolphins unusually intelligent? Dolphins have large brains, but we know that brain size alone does not determine either the nature or extent of intelligence. Some researchers have suggested that dolphins have big brains because they need them for sonar and sound processing and for social inte
34、ractions. Others have argued that regardless of brain size, dolphins have an intelligence level somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee. The fact is, we dont know, and comparisons may not be especially helpful. Just as human intelligence is appropriate for human needs, dolphins intelligence
35、 is right for the dolphins way of life. Until we know more, all we can say is that dolphin intelligence is different.,【设问句】对第一篇文章的质疑。,P588 P707 P825,典型问题及对策, 基本原则：【无论是哪种题型，首先了解清楚考察的是P1和P2的相同点还是不同点】 A. 求同题： a. 形式：P1 is similar/analogous/parallel/close/akin to P2 in that ;P1 aligns with (与。结盟) P2 in t
36、hat ; Which of the following statement is shared by P1 & P2?Both passage _X in P1 is most like _ in P2?What do P1 & P2 in common?Which generalization about XX is supported by both passages?,求同题解题关键：P1&P2相同点,12. Which generalization about dolphins is supported by both passages?A. They display self-aw
37、areness.B. They are more emotional than other animals.C. They learn at a rapid rate.D. They have a certain degree of intelligence.E. They have shown the ability to use tools.,B. 求异题： a. 形式：P1 differs from P2 in that _Unlike P1, P2 _Contrast / difference between P1 & P2 is that_X in P1 & P2, respecti
38、vely, are _Compared to P1, P2 _ is in P1, but not in P2?b. 解决方法：找不同不是指具体定位点的不同，而是文章观点的不同。 但是要注意到底是找哪篇文章的不同，即哪篇文章的观点。,11. The two passage differ in their views of dolphin intelligence in that Passage 1 states that dolphinsA. share a sophisticated culture, while Passage 2 contends that dolphin intelli
39、gence is roughly equal to human intelligenceB. are as intelligent as humans, while Passage 2 notes that dolphins outperform other animalsC. are more intelligent than most other animals, while Passage 2 points out that dolphins are less intelligent than other mammalsD. are highly intelligent, while P
40、assage 2 suggests that there is not enough evidence to understand dolphin intelligence fullyE. have large brains, while Passage 2 argues that brain size does not signify intelligence,C. 互联题：【对比文章中的难点】1). 考察关系： Which of the following best describes the relationship between the two passage?选项特征：分别列出连篇
41、文章的观点(P1; while P2)解题技巧：单边排除法。2). 考察文章对比：“X” in P2 would most likely + VERB + “Y” in P1?The author of P1 would most likely + VERB + “Z” in P2?,解题关键：“VERB”的类型,Types of VERBS:,Support / exemplify / agree with / espouse / strengthen,找相同,Weaken / undermine / discredit / criticize / damage,找不同,respond to
42、 / react to / claim / assert / argue / contend suggest / consider / interpret / regard,考察反应, 考察反应 ,概况：当一篇文章的作者或文章中的某人/物，看到另一篇文章中的某词或某句话，会做出什么样的反应(response).例：The author of passage 2 would most likely respond to the last sentence of passage 1 by解题技巧：1. 先了解所问部分作者或人/物的观点；2. 到另一篇文章中需要作出反应的地方；3. 对照两者之间的相
43、同或不同。Tips: 通常正确答案都同所问的那个作者观点相关或相近。 The author of Passage would most likely respond to the last sentence of Passage 1 byA. suggesting that intelligence in animals is virtually impossible to measureB. observing that intelligence does not mean the same thing for every speciesC. questioning the objectiv
44、ity of the studies already conductedD. noting that dolphin activities do not require a high level of intelligenceE. arguing that little is actually known about dolphin social behavior, P588 (8); P663(11); P707 (9); P781 (10); P825 (8); P899 (12); P972 (6, 8) ,Long Passage,Long Single Passage,1.概况：1篇
45、13题or 2篇连续出现，每篇6-9题， 450850 words/passage2. 时间： 10 2 mins3. 解题步骤（除文学作品）：a阅读文章开头的斜体字（通常是对文章大致内容和作者背景的简短介绍）获得文章的基本信息；b跳读文章重要部分 【各段段首、段尾及转折句， 注意此时只读文章前1/3】 3minsc迅速浏览所有题目，从可定位题开始，按顺序解答，只解答可定位题；d如遇上少数题暂时无法解答，可先留空，最后做，如遇上没给出行号题，如能迅速找到定位则做，不能找到定位则先不做；e最后做全文题、不可定位题等；,Long Passage 常考题型,A. 主旨题：【focus + attit
46、ude】 The passage serves mainly to / primarily focuses on / is primarily concerned with _The main idea / point / purpose of the passage is _The passage as a whole is best describe as _The passage as a whole answers which of the following question? 主旨题中常见的单词： bolster delineate depict discredit verify
47、documentendorse refute elaborate exemplify illustrate speculatediscuss defend argue against argue for argue that,支持,描绘,描述,怀疑,查实、核实,记录,赞同,反驳,详细说明,例证,举例说明,推测,讨论,(以论据、 论证)维护,反对,支持,论证、主张,主旨题,B. 基本步骤：1. 仔细浏览文章开头的斜体字(如果有的话)，找出文章 focus；2. 重点阅读段首，和各段首句；找出主题句和作者态度；,If the new art is not accessible to everyone, which certainly seem to the case, this implies that its impulses are not of a generically human kind. It is an art not for people in general but for a special class who may not be better but who are evidently different.,
