1、Definition Of Simile,Simile is a kind of rhetorical method connecting two different things which have some common features by using the words “as” or “like”. In general, simile is a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with “like” or “as”)明喻
2、(Simile)是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。说甲像乙，也就是说本体像喻体。 明喻的本体、喻体、比喻词都出现，能明显地看出是在打比方的比喻词：“像（如、若”、“（如、若似的”、“像（如、若）一般”、“好比（好像、犹如、仿佛）”等。My heart is like a singing bird. （我的心像一只歌唱的小鸟。）,Parts,The expression method is: a is like b. It is said that ontology is like metaphors. Usually, i
3、t contains three parts: the ontology(本体）,metaphors（喻体） and the metaphor words（比喻词）.It can be clearly seen in terms of parable word like “such as, if.”, “such as though, if” or “like”, “as if”, “as though” ,“asas” ,“as it were”,Examples,Army and people are as inseparable as fish and water. 军队和人民像鱼水一样
4、不可分离.,Soldiers like the countrys steel wall, guarding the frontier of frontier 战士就像国家的钢铁长城一样，守卫祖国的边疆,在英语中，也有很多习语也属于明喻 As busy as a bee （极为忙碌） As cross as a bear(怒气冲冲) Like the bolt from the blue(晴天霹雳) To follow like sheep(盲从) To spring up like mushrooms(雨后春笋),生动形象的明喻,My love is like a red, red rose
5、Thats newly sprung in June; My love is like a melody Thats sweetly played in tune(Robert Burns) 啊，我爱人象红红的玫瑰， 在六月里苞放； 啊，我爱人象一支乐曲， 乐声美妙、悠扬。,Shall I compare you to a summers day?我能把你比作夏日吗？ (William Shakespeare) My heart is like a singing bird 我的心就象正在唱歌的小鸟。,任何明喻必须具备以下条件：,（1）本体和喻体分属不同性质的事物并同时出现在句中；猫的眼睛像老
6、虎的眼睛。The tiger is as brave as the lion.It is not a simile, because the things compared have too many points of resemblance. （2） 主体和喻体必须在某一点上（声色、形状、性质、 功能等）相似，即有所谓的相似点；（similarity)The diamond is as blue as the great,常用比喻词有：,(3) 用比喻词之类的引导方式引导。I wondered lonely as a cloud. 常见的比喻词： like; unlike; it was
7、a bit like； can be likened to ; as ; as if ; as though; as it were； as comparable to ; may be compared to ; similar to; akin to ; be analogous to ; etc.,As if/ as though 引导的启发型明喻，其特点是通过暗示性的联想引发人们洞察深层的内涵，所设的比喻或许不一定能直接理解，但是一经思索，必达豁然，因此这一比喻有言近意远的效果。,The woman made him fetch and carry just as if he was
8、a great Newfoundland dog.,这个女人叫他做这做那，简直把他当作一条纽芬兰的大狗。,The ruby shall be redder than a red rose, And the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea. (O. Wilde) 红宝石将比红玖瑰还要红， 蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。,Asas, more than句型与形容词同级比较、 比较级的比较在语法和结构上是一致的，但它们不是简单的比较，而是属于两类不同性质事物之间的比较，在形容同级和比较级的结构中，虽然也用as as 或more than把二者联系起来，但它
9、只是一种简单的比较，而不是比喻。 He is as tall as his father. He us taller than his father.,“like“ pattern: My mind goes round and round like the earth. 我的大脑像地球一样不停地转动。 He was like a cat on hot bricks before his driving test. 在驾驶考试之前，他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。 Soccer is spreading like wildfire through all the States. 足球像野火一样迅速传遍
10、美国。 Jenny and I was like peas and carrots. 我和珍妮形影不离。 They will never be able to save money to buy a new house they both spend money like water. 他们将永远积攒不起钱买新房子他们两人都花钱如水。,Some patterns of simile,“as“ pattern: as + adj. + as + n. That man cant be trusted. Hes as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信，他像鳝鱼一样滑。 Im a
11、s poor as a church mouse. 我一贫如洗。 My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself. 钱财对我来说如同生命一样宝贵。/ 我视财如命。,Metaphor 暗喻,. DefinitionMetaphor comes from Latin “metaphorn”, means “a transfer of a meaning”. Based onWebsters New World Dictionary, metaphoris defined as “a figure of speech containing an
12、 implied comparison, in which one thing is applied to another.”,暗喻的结构特征,可以分为3个类型：(1) 喻体直述式：把本体和喻体说成是 一件事。 A book that is shut is but a block. 总是合着的书只不过是一块砖头而已。,College is a comma of a sentence of life. 大学就是人生长句的一个逗号。 在上面两句中，喻体 block and comma 一目了然， 十分明确地描写了本体的特 征。 My heart is a lonely hunter that hu
13、nts on a lonely hill. 我的心就像一名孤独的猎手，在寂寞的 山岗游猎。,(2) 喻体半隐式 He doesnt have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。 A heavy silence blanketed the room. 整个房子沉浸在一片沉默中。 They stormed the speaker with questions. 他们猛烈质问演讲者。,。,(3) 喻体全隐式Some books are to be tasted, others to b
14、eswallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 一些书浅尝即可，另外一些书则要囫囵吞下，只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。把 book比作food, 但 food 这个喻体并没有出现。取而代之的 是 taste, swallow, chew, and digest.,Examples of metaphor,“noun“ pattern名词型: A is B Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. 没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。 So
15、me people think that marriage is a lottery.有些人认为婚姻是缘分。 He is the eyes and ears of the manager. 他是经理的耳目。 Look at that guy all meat and no potatoes. 瞧那个家伙，浑身都是肉。 I was, inwardly, all white flag. 我内心里却妥协了。 Greece was the cradle of Western culture. 希腊是西方文化的发源地/摇篮。 The old mans face is a map of time. 那老人
16、脸就是岁月的写照。,“verb“ pattern动词型: Snow clothes the ground. 雪覆盖了大地。 The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. 这个案子像滚雪球似地最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。 A stranger then is still dogging us. 一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。 My desk is flooded with paper. 我的桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水泛滥一样。 The years have silvered her hair. 岁月
17、已使她的鬓发如霜。 The population mushroomed in the postwar decades. 战后数十年里人口快速增长。 My heart was pumping. 我的心怦怦直跳。 He doesnt have any idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。,“adjective“ pattern形容词型: The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship. 山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘船。 I was all smiles, l
18、ooking forward to a pleasant, homey evening. 我满心欢喜，盼望度过一个家庭般舒适的夜晚。 He gave Nancy a wintry smile. 他给莱西一个冷笑。,“idiom“ pattern: We mended our fences. 我们重修旧好。,“-of-“ phrase pattern: A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. 一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并挥旗叫我停下。 The lecturer looked do
19、wn at the sea of faces beneath him. 演讲者俯视下面无数的面孔。 We have come a long way since then, in part as a fruit of his labors. 从那以后，我们取得了巨大进展，其中一部分是他努力的结果。 They tied pillows on top of their heads as protection against the shower of rocks. 他们把枕头绑在头上以防倾泻而下的岩石。,Note: The difference between simile and metaphor
20、 is that simile points out the similarity between two compared things directly, while metaphor does not do like that and its meaning is implied, you have to read between the lines.,Similes and metaphors must also meet the following two requirements: 1) The tenor and the vehicle must represent things
21、 of different categories. 2) There must be similarities between the tenor and the vehicle.,借喻(Metonymy),借喻不同于一般的比喻，其特点不是想而是联想。它不直接说出要说的事物，而是用与该事物有着不可分离关系的另一事物来表现，即相当于汉语的借代。借喻中本体、喻体均不出现，直接用喻体代替本体，表达形象、生动，语言简练。通过联想读者不仅知道所写的是什么，而且能想起所说事物的特征，留下深刻的印象。,He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.(分别借代Joi
22、ned the armed forces和high education) 他选择了参军，而不是深造。 Have you ever read Shakes Peare(借代the works by Shakespeare) 你读过莎士比亚的作品吗? The coat wonle be beyond his miserable pocke(借代money) 他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件大衣。 The pen is stronger than the sword(gun)(分别借代those who use the pen和those who use the sword (gun) 笔杆子比枪杆子厉害
23、。,借喻不是同类的概念, (similarity), 而是接近的概念, 两个概念关系密切,唇齿相依 。 如,White House指美国总统府； the Pentagon即美国国防部, Rhetorical Devices 借喻中也含有本体和喻体，两者之间是 一种借代关系。如： 如。 She was a girl who excited the emotions,but I was not the one to let my heart rule my head,她十个让人动情 的姑娘，而我则不是让感情支配理智的 人。,借喻中的本体和喻体之间的关系可以通过下列几种方式进行表达： 1,以典型的人
24、体组织, 器官或部位代人的抽象行为或能力；2,以作家名借代作品或观念； 3,以容器借代被盛的东西；以局部地名代整体名, 或以产地代产品名；4,以资料或工具代替事物的名称； 5,以商标代产品； 6 以特征指人或物,练习：请说出下面句子将什么借喻成什么。 The buses in America are on strikenow.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses喻指司机drivers)。(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。,
