1、1关注豆丁网 2893 你懂的 核准通过，归档资料。未经允许，请勿外传！中南大学CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文题 目 比较研究中国和英语的身体语言题目类别 语言学学生姓名 考 籍 号 0107121016199JWKffwvG#tYM*Jg Their use can let people know who is the younger brother and his brother in any time, who is the guest and who is the master, and so on. Ceremony can be s
2、een as a means against a balance between quality, may lead to conflict. It divides people into categories, and builds hierarchical relationships through protocols and ceremonies, assigning everyone a place in society and a proper formsof behavior.5In China, so people will use both hands (when one is
3、 enough) in providing some visitors or confide their respect for others. Relationship is 18the core of Confucianism. Specific duties emerge from a particular situation in relation to others. People at the same time stand in several different relationships with different people: as a primary relation
4、ship to parents and elders, and as a senior sister and brother, students, and others. And adolescents is thought to be in Confucianism owe respect their elders, the elderly also have a responsibility to lower levels of kindness and attention. This theme of mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultur
5、es even to this day.6So the thumbs-up sign said praise and appreciation when someone raised his little finger, it always means despise or even insult.3.1.2 The cultural influence of gesturesThe United States is a country with a short history of only more than 200 years, is a countrys modernization,
6、is completely open to the outside world. The main content of American culture is to emphasize individual value, pursuit of democracy and freedom, promote competition and realistic necessity and practicability. Its core is individualism: personal needs and the pursuit of personal interests and enjoy,
7、 self-made realize personal value and the design is very valuable. This type of intentionally accumulation of personality and pursue customized individualism has its 19pros and cons, it gives a person incentive, let them reach their potential and wisdom, and thus speed up the development of the enti
8、re race and nation; On the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship, if everyone self-centered people in order to make the entire society lack of unity.A citizen of the United States emphasis on achievements and respect heroes. They have a great feeling in my heart praise success and her
9、oes. Personal achievement is the highest value in americans mind. Americans have a strong feeling of success. Success is the pursuit of most americans, it is their attractive future and the incentives to move forward. They think personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career. Some su
10、ccessful people in their career such as entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and all kinds of super star become a modern hero. How the process and result of stived has become a frame of reference of social culture value and really a textbook of life for the parents education their children. 20Chaper4
11、A comparative study of body language between Chinese and English-speaking countriesThe cultures of different nations are rooted. Further, its not easy for people to absorb the signs which are contrary to their habits. So, they cant ignore the influence exerted on body language by cultures and they m
12、ust pay attention to the different meanings of body language in different cultures and contexts.Body language plays an important role in communication. Since body language can express certain meaning and it is conventional, it can become the effective way of interaction. People who live in the same
13、culture believe that some gesture indicates some meaning. However, different countries have different cultures, so the comprehension of body language will not be the same in different countries. If people dont realize this, it will affect their communication and cause misunderstanding. In English st
14、udy, the comparative study of body language between 21Chinese and English-speaking countries is very important for them to aster and understands the diversity of cross-cultural communication.4.1 comparative studies of gesturesGesture is part of the expression of movement of the body, especially the
15、head and hands. Although people often dont realize that use your hands when they are talking about. If they want to know about gestures correctly, they have to take context or conditions into consideration, or gestures can be confusing. A thumb in the air, for example, could mean that a request for
16、a drive on the highway or “OK“ on the launch pad. Touch nose can represent “dishonest“ in the context of the conversation or “failure“, such as the international chess game. And verbal language, nonverbal code is not common. A lot of gestures culture varies from culture to culture. Here are some exa
17、mples.4.1.1 The same gesture has different meanings in different culturesBecause culture is different in different countries, the same gestures have different meanings in different countries224.1.2 Different gestures with the same meaningBut the same gestures have different meanings in different cou
18、ntries; different gestures have the same meaning.4.1.3 Attitude and meaning in one culture no equivalent in the other cultureThere are also many gestures in a culture have no equivalent in other cultures.The United States, for example, the attitude of “dont do that“, the index finger from side to si
19、de, others closed is not used in China. Doubt, helpless and baffle, those who live in English-speaking countries often shrug their shoulders. However, this gesture is rarely used in China. In English culture, a gesture, the thumb to the tip of the nose, the other four fingers wave from side to side
20、together, showed that challenge and provocation, put the middle finger on the back of the index finger said “bless“ success, it has an associated phrase - pray for good luck. And people are very familiar with another phrase, this is the “free-rider“ (stood on the side of the rode, closed hand thumb)
21、 this means that the request to ride. Now, with the western media deep Chinese culture such as the western movie, this type of signal has been more and more Chinese young people. There are also many gestures exists only in China. In Chinese culture, respect, people have to 23take some can keep a han
22、d, their guests or other have two hands. When someone pours tea or wine for them, they have to whole glass with both hands to express “thank you“ or click on the desktop with your index finger said “enough is enough“. Touching or pointing to tip of ones own nose with raised forefinger means “Its me.
23、” “Im the one.” Raise both hands before the body of the index finger together, until the two touches, means a good match. These gestures are unique to China.From the above example, people can draw a conclusion, that is, if they want to learn a language, they learn not only to verbal language, but al
24、so study the gestures of that country.4.2 Contrast research positionPosture refers to the people to carry their bodies, especially in the back, shoulders and head while standing, lying, etc. It provides insight into the deep structure of culture, often reflects the attitude of the person he/she is.
25、For example, Chinese culture believes that person sitting more authority: sit down, the emperor and monarch theme station; Sit down, father and son to stand, sit, and superior stand at a lower level, and so on. So, in order to show respect, teenagers often let old people sit in their seats. However,
26、 the situation in America is opposite to that in China. In America, “tallness 24usually equates with dominance. Stand up tall can help you sound more authoritative, and fall posture or listlessly shoulder to create an appearance of submissive or passive behavior.“ But if the person of higher status
27、chooses sitting position, show that they want to create an atmosphere of equality, shorten the distance between each other, just as that moment, adults talking to children, they would crouch.“In the United States, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slouch whe
28、n they stand; and it is also common to see an American woman sit with her legs crossed even during public meeting.” 7 In China, the way of life tend to be more formal, such a posture, often sign is considered rude behavior or poverty.Traditionally, Chinese teachers, think that Confucian scholars, is
29、 the soul of belief, knowledge and authority. The power of their image should not be damaged, of course, not serious attitude. This is why some Chinese students often complain about their American teacher is so informal, in the class, he never seems to care about the students reaction, this suggests
30、 that they cant accept the fact that their English teacher is a native Chinese behavior or more exaggerated for foreign teachers. Instead, sit at the desk for a lecture or even put his feet on the chair class is welcomed in many English-speaking countries. Seems to be in the United States, therefore
31、, Chinese teachers seem to be slow and timid or too boring in the classroom. 25GAO Hong said: “in American culture, a teachers duty is to help students to realize self. Teacher is a facilitator of students. Teachers image of power in America is far weaker than that in China.”8This difference is main
32、ly due to differences in body language between the two cultures.4.3 Comparative studies of facial expressionsFacial expression is the most expressive part of the body. Its capable of conveying emotions. Different cultures have many different or same facial expressions. Laughing means happiness and c
33、rying indicates sadness. Since the expression of emotions is acquired in the background of cultures, facial expression varies among cultures. Smacking means delicious in China, white it means “have no savor” in English-speaking countries. Lolling out tongue indicates shyness for Han race and politen
34、ess to strange heterosexual guests for Tibetan, whereas it indicates contempt, jeer or resistance for American children. Because the traditional cultures and the affects toward certain thing are not the same, facial expressions would be different. For example, when Chinese are praised by others, the
35、y would take on negative facial expression, indicating “I dont believe.” “I cant 26accept.” When English are praised, they would say, “Thank you!” with a smile. Chinese would consider this attitude as immodesty and pride.Smiles and laughter are our common humanity. They usually convey friendliness,
36、agree with dont agree with, satisfaction, pleasure, joy, and interesting. But their meaning is also varying because of the culture of the culture. In cross-cultural communication, there are a lot of misunderstandings caused by smile. British people usually do not understand Chinas facial expressions
37、 and smile. Some people even call smile not understand China.4.4 comparison of eye contactBritish dramatist Shakespeare said, “There is language in her eyes, her cheek, and her lip.“ There is an old saying in China, “The eyes are the window of the soul.“ ” 9 From these two sentences, people can see
38、that eye contact is important in their interaction. In the aspects of eye contact, there are also many differences between China and English-speaking countries, mainly displayed in the “eye contact“ etiquette. Take China and the United States, for example: culture in two people talk, people need to
39、interact with people in the United States look into the eyes of them in a dialogue. They believe that eye contact sign of honesty and lack of eye contact or canny eyes in a show of hypocrisy, disdain, fear, indifference, 27guilt or absent-minded. And Americans were told “dont trust anyone will not l
40、ook into your eyes“. Americans have been used in direct contact with eyes. They think direct eye contact is a sign of confidence and polite, tactful eyes suggested that rude. But China will avoid long direct eye contact in conversation, respect, and obey, or polite.28ConclusionBody language bears re
41、lations with culture. It is also the carrier of culture, such as spoken language. Body languages between culture and culture also have different. Therefore, the purpose of the study and the study of nonverbal communication is to help foreign language learners and communicators to exclude the interfe
42、rence of cultural differences. So people should pay attention to cultural differences and cultural conflict.In cross-cultural communication, people must realize that the relationship between nonverbal communication and culture. And body language is silent, the real language, can express peoples feel
43、ings. It is one of the most characteristic of interaction in nonverbal communication. So body language is dependent on culture.In addition, body language has international character. People who live in different countries, speak different languages can communicate through body language. Sometimes bo
44、dy language can be used alone, but sometimes it must cooperate to use oral language. If a person cant proper use of body language, he cant achieve communicative purpose. And he will make another unhappy or embarrassing yourself. However, if a person can use body language properly, he can achieve com
45、municative purpose. So this is very important for foreign language learners to understand the 29meaning of body language, understand the culture of the English-speaking countries, remove the native cultural interference, and reduce the cultural conflict. Body language is an important media in human
46、interaction.30Bibliography1 蔡子亮，英汉文化背景下身势语的对比分析J.温州职业技术学院学报。 2005.5.3 P562 胡文仲，论跨文化交际的实证研究, 外语教学与研究，2005.53 Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Lisa A. Stefani Communication between Cultures Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003.4. Kita, S. Pointing: Where Language, Culture an
47、d Cognition Meet. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 20035.毕继万，跨文化非语言交际，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20016.窦卫霖，跨文化商务交际，北京：高等教育出版社.7蒋阳芬，身势语的文化差异 J. 宁波高等专科学校学报 2003.3.1 P28 秦为民， 非语言交际在英语课堂教学中的运用 J. 西南师范大学外国语学院硕士学位论文 2002.P399 Jamison John. Antoniou Peter H. Whitman Katherine. Intercultural Communication Skills M. 广东：中山大学出版社 2004.P103
