1、 学术英语理工 （第二版） 教师手册 1 Unit 1 Choosing a Topic 1Critical Reading Understanding the text TASK 1 Key words Laypeople, radiation, understanding Objective To investigate lay people knowledge of radiation phenomena and risk Methods used Questionnaires and interviews TASK 2 1 Respondents were aware of the h
2、armful health effects of radiation, while they had a little understanding of the concept of radiation. 2 There are a big proportion of respondents who support to continue the production of nuclear power. 3 The mass media plays a very important role in the misunderstanding of radiation. 4 A school pr
3、ogram should be designed to analyzing everyday conceptions about radiation. TASK 3 Paras. 1-2 e f b a c h g d Paras. 3-6 k h c d a b e j f i g Para. 7 b c h a d f e g Paras. 8-11 f a i k h g c j b d e Paras. 12-18 d h g f a b c e Paras. 19-20 g c a b i d h e f Paras. 21-28 i j a h k b c g d e f TASK
4、 4 1-5 2 5 4 1 3 6-10 9 7 10 6 8 11-15 13 15 11 14 12 16-20 20 19 18 17 16 21-25 25 23 21 24 22 26-28 27 26 28 TASK 5 1 The answer reveals that the respondents fail to understand that a new nucleus will be produced when a radioactive atom is broken. 2 According to the view of constructivists, a pers
5、ons ideas will survive school education and form an important basis for new learning. 3 The solution is to consider lay ideas and combine factual knowledge with practical or political factors. 2 TASK 6 Different types of radioactive elements will make different health effects, according to character
6、istics of each type. TASK 7 It may be argued that the population should have a sufficient understanding of radiation phenomena to secure individual safety as well as democratic decisions. To attain this, it is necessary for the communicators of radiation information to be familiar with the laypeople
7、s perceptions of these phenomena. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine non-experts conceptions of radiation phenomena. The survey revealed an incomplete understanding of concepts such as radioactive decay, half-life and absorption of radiation and a lack of differentiation of between radi
8、ation and radioactive materials. Many respondents did not distinguish between sources of ionising radiation and other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and submarines were the most feared sources of radiation. There are indications that the lay understanding of radiation phenomena and risk
9、 is to a large extent formed by mass media and that “school knowledge” of these phenomena is not applied in situations belonging to the “real world”. To resolve this problem, new teaching and information procedures are needed. These should take into account the learners perceptions and should integr
10、ate “school knowledge” with considerations belonging to the “real world”. Enhancing language ability TASK 2 1 betrays, conception 2 renders 3 exemplified, perception 4 prevalent, secure 5 prior to 6 proportion, gloomy 7 alternatives 8 characterized, constitutes, hazard 9 From the standpoint of, rank
11、s 10 external, a prerequisite TASK 3 1 include: contain, embrace, encompass, comprise, be composed of, consist of 2 valid: powerful, convincing, sensible, rational, viable, credible, plausible, weighty, well-founded, cogent, well-grounded 3 basic: underlying, fundamental, essential, root, prime, pri
12、mary 4 danger:hazard, risk, threat, menace, peril, jeopardize 5 describe: depict, portray, characterize, narrate, outline, represent 6 different: discrepant, contrary, conflicting, contradictory, inconsistent, incompatible, incongruous, various, diverse 7 cause:prompt, move, inspire, stimulate, urge
13、, spur, motivate, induce, evoke, instigate, impel 8 clarify: account for, justify, explain, illuminate, clear up, rationalize, elucidate ,explicate 3 9 highlight: emphasize, stress, accent, feature, underline, spotlight, accentuate, give prominence to, attach importance to, give priority to, undersc
14、ore 10 factor: component, item, element, ingredient, constituent, contributor Doing research projects TASK 1 1 Solvent, pesticide, smoke, viral aggressions, ultrave radiation and ionizing radiation. 2 Cells could identify the DNA damage, and remove the damaged part and re-synthesis to repair the DNA
15、. 3 The Stochastic effects are not systematic to each person being exposed. Their development could not be predicted by the scale of individual which is opposite from the determinist effect. 4 The healthy surroundings may be exposed to radiation during the treatment. 5 Radiation dose should be keep
16、as low as possible. 2Academic Writing Understanding a research report or research article TASK 2 1 Four. They are problem section, procedures section, result section and discussion section. 2 Because it will contribute to the credibility of the research. 3 It can allow the reader to duplicate the ex
17、periment if there is some doubt about your findings. 4 It may evaluate the research results fully, point out what questions remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research. 5 Accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Deciding on a topic TASK 2 1 Genetically Engineering The Impact of
18、 Genetically Engineering The Impact of Genetically Engineering on Agricultural Practice / Food Shortage 2 Breast-feeding Practice Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese Big Cities The Impact of Urbanization on Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese Big Cities 3 Internet Technology The General Impact of Inte
19、rnet Technology on Education The Positive Impacts of Internet Technology on Teaching Methodology TASK 3 1 1) Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Global Warming 2) Social Issues and Global Warming 3) The Impacts of Global Warming on Food Products 4 2 1) Genetically Modified Foods and Health Issues 2) C
20、ontroversies as to Genetically Modified Foods 3) The Development of Genetically Modified Foods in China 3 1) The Future of Nuclear Energy 2) Safety Issues about Nuclear Power Plants 3) Waste Management and Nuclear Power Plants 4 1) Science Fraud in the Medical Field 2) Science Fraud in China 3) Rese
21、arch Pressure and Science Fraud Formulating research questions TASK 1 1 Nuclear Waste 1) What is nuclear waste? 2) Why is it difficult to dispose of nuclear waste? 3) What harmful effects if nuclear waste is not appropriately disposed of? 4) How to dispose of nuclear waste safely and economically? 2
22、 Threats of Artificial Intelligence 1) What are the present threats of artificial intelligence? 2) What are the future threats? 3) How can human beings control those threats? 3 Global Warming and Its Effects 1) What is Global warming? 2) How does it affect agriculture? 3) How does it affect our envi
23、ronment? 4) How does it affect our health? 4 Genetically Modified Foods 1) What are advantages and disadvantages of GMFs? 2) Why do GMFs gain more popularity in the developing countries? 3) How safe are GMFs? 4) What are the effects of GMFs on human health? TASK 2 My topic: Science Fraud Epidemic in
24、 China My Reasons 1 It is prevalent in universities and scientific institutes. 2 There are many reports and articles discussing science fraud. 3 It is manageable since the study involves questionnaire and interviews. 5 Research Questions 1 What is the current situation of science fraud in tertiary i
25、nstitutions? 2 What are the underlying causes for the prevalence of science fraud? 3 What measures could be taken to address the problem? Writing a working title TASK 2 1 Question titles are not appropriate. It is better to use “Economic Effects of Climate Change” 2 Good 3 Impacts of Global Warming
26、on China 4 Good 5 Good 6 Good 7 Good 3Literacy Skills Avoiding plagiarism TASK 1 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 N 8 Y 9 Y 10 Y TASK 3 1 Not common knowledge 2 Not 3 Not 4 Not 5 Not Citation TASK Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that content-based second language teaching promotes both l
27、anguage acquisition and academic success (Grabe Kasper, 1994; Krueger Snow Stryker Wesche, 1993). Students receiving linked instruction perform better in language courses than those not receiving such instruction (Kasper, 1997). They reap the benefits of significant 6 gains in the second language, e
28、.g., in the receptive skills of listening and reading (Burger et al., 1997; Ready Babbitt, 2001; Kasper, 1994; Winter, 2004). The topic sentence is “content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.” The writer uses literature evidence to support the ide
29、a in terms of speaking, reading and writing. Quoting TASK 1 1 Author-focused version: According to Anyanwu (1983), most Nigerians believe that “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”. Information-focused version: Influenced by western cultures, most Nigerians be
30、lieve that “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” (Anyanwu, 1883). 2 Author-focused version: Anyanwu (1983) suggested that mothers should be educated “how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods”. Information-focused version: We may educa
31、te mother “how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods” (Anyanwu, 1983). Summarizing TASK 1 1 c. b. a. d 2 b. a. c. d 3 a. d. c. b TASK 2 1 Chinese big cities suffer from growing traffic problems. 2 Some long and complicated sentences mean very little. 3 The basic tenet of con
32、structivism holds that learners themselves construct knowledge, rather than receive it from outside. 4 Some educationalists contend that deciding on a major is the most critical decision students face when entering college, whereas others argue that the most important thing for students to discover
33、in university is their true interests, because many establish careers not related to the major they studied in college. 5 The majority of American Internet users, especially teenagers, use SNS, which has altered the pace and process of making and maintaining friendships. 6 According to Hirshi and Go
34、ttfredson, the propensity (倾向 ) of someone to commit crime comes from his or her lack of self-control, whereby the urge to feed desires causes one to even break the law. 7 TASK 3 1 Gordon 2) ethical behavior in the use of computers Topic of the lecture: Learning difficulty The structure of the lectu
35、re: 1) the causes of learning problems; 2) a doctors explanation TASK 2 1 A 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 C Understanding the ideas through examples TASK 1 To introduce his topic and raise the awareness about the seriousness of global warming. 2 One is to illustrate the power of companies in addressing global warmi
36、ng and the other is to illustrate the role of individuals in this matter. 3 To illustrate the importance of policy in reducing CO2. 13 4 The potential of radical innovation. 5 Reduce emissions in your home; be a green consumer; consider making your business carbon neutral; and become a catalyst of c
37、hange. Following the lecture through signal language TASK So lets look at this fourth factorthis is going to be a key oneand this is the amount of CO2 put out per each unit of energy. And so the question is, can you actually get that to zero? If you burn coal, no. If you burn natural gas, no. Now, I
38、 thought, how could I really capture this?Is there some kind of natural illustration,some demonstration that would grab peoples imagination here?I thought back to a year ago when I brought mosquitos, and somehow people enjoyed that. (Laughter) It really got them involved in the idea of, you know, ar
39、e there people who live with mosquitos? So, with energy, all I could come up with is this? Lets look first at the burning fossil fuels, either burning coal or burning natural gas. What you need to do there, seems like it might be simple, but its not,and thats to take all the CO2, after youve burned
40、it, going out the flue,pressurize it, create a liquid, put it somewhere,and hope it stays there. Next, would be nuclear.It also has three big problems. Cost, particularly in highly regulated countries, is high. The issue of the safety, really feeling good about nothing could go wrong,that, even thou
41、gh you have these human operators, that the fuel doesnt get used for weapons. And then what do you do with the waste? And, although its not very large, and therere a lot of concerns about that people need to feel good about it. So three very tough problems that might be solvable, and so, should be w
42、orked on. And, finally, this storage problem. And, to dimensionalize this, I went through and looked atall the types of batteries that get made, for cars, for computers, for phones, for flashlights, for everything,and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses,and what I found i
43、s that all the batteries we make nowcould store less than 10 minutes of all the energy. Now, how were gonna go forward on this: Whats the right approach? Is it a Manhattan project? Whats the thing that can get us there? Well, we need lots of companies working on this, hundreds.In each of these five
44、paths, we need at least a hundred people. So, what do we have to do? What am I appealing to you to step forward and drive? We need to go for more research funding. You know, when countries get together in places like Copenhagen, they shouldnt just discuss the CO2. 3Literacy Skills Paraphrasing Deali
45、ng with the shared language TASK 1 1 b, a, c 2 a, b, c 3 c, a, b 4 b, a, c 5 a, b, c 14 TASK 2 By using synonyms 5By using the passive voice or active voice 4By using different order 1By using the negative or positive structure 3By using impersonal structures 6By using different parts of speech 2TAS
46、K 3 1 The tourist industry in places like Hawii, which is fairly remote from other countries, has been adversely affected by rises in airfare. 2 Research has shown that having certain blood types increases susceptibility to certain diseases, but no such proof exists showing a relationship between bl
47、ood types and peoples personalities. 3 To detect and ultimately abort female fetuses, certain societies use ultrasound devices because of their low cost and portability. 4 Africa, which in 2011 became second only to Asia in number of cell phone users, is expanding its cellular capabilities to adequa
48、tely connect the 600 million who have cell phones. 5 A shortage of fresh water to supply the billions in the world is apparently serious enough that it could eventually lead to wars. Among the factors contributing to the drop in fresh water supplies are issues related to the increasing population, s
49、anitation, and environment. Author-focused version and information-focused version TASK 1 According to Jacqueline K.et al. (2008), Faculty and administrators need to understand three issues: (1) there are many factors for academic dishonesty, (2) there is no basic difference between plagiarism and cheating, and (3) compared with others, students do not regard plagiarism and cheating in academic studies as a moral problem. 2 Instructivists hold that the “real world,” external to individuals, can be represented as knowledge and determines what
