1、 : , , , , , , , , ; ; ; ; ; ( :16JJD770027) The Measure of the Social Progress: The Evolution of the Perception on the Forest by the American Society and Its Consequences Fu Chengshuang Abstract The perception on the nature is an ecological measure for the social progress and the Americans percepti
2、on on the forest can be taken as an excellent example. Influenced by the traditional European culture, the Americans considered the forest a Americans to destruct the forest. However, with the deteriorating ecological and social consequences of forest destruction, the Amercans attitude toward the fo
3、rest gradually changed from hostility to appreciation, which paved a solid foundation of the public opinion for the movement of forest protection later. The divergence between the idea of forest preservation, represented by John Muir, and the idea of resources conservation, represented by G.Pinchot,
4、 reflected not only the differences of the purpose, path and means for forest protection between the both sides, but the differences of the protection conception between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. While the perception of the forest protection changed, the idea of the American society about th
5、e tree-planting underwent the changings as well. The protection activities, including the attempt of changing the climate, the prevention of the water and soil erosion, and the re-cultivation of the tree-cutting areas, gradually descended to the means of covering the activities of forest destruction
6、 and luxurious consumption of excessively exploiting the environment by the American society. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 50% 49 8.22 8.50 , 3/4 1/3 , , , , , , , , , 1763 1775 , 13 4 , 30 1775 , 1/7 , , , 1810 , 5.4 , 50 , 1826 1827 , 11 1840 , 31, 650 1839 , 16 (board feet) 1870 , 128 ;1900 ,
7、360 1850 , , 6%, 1849 55, 810 , 1909 547, 178 1910 , 62 , 1.24 , 40 , 10% , (John Muir) , , , , , , 20 , , , , 1795 1797 , (Isaac Weld) , , (Peter Kalm) 1749 , , , (W.B.Greeley) 1925 , 3/4 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1 1 , , , , , 1653 , (Edward Johnson) , , , , , , , , , 28% , 1650
8、1850 , 46 1850 1910 , 80 , 1.9 , 13.5 1920 , 1.38 , 96% , 19 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 19 , , , , , 15 , 1638 , (Benjamin Lincoln) , 20 , , (Albemarle) , , , , , , , 500 , , , , , (Edward Kendall) , : , , , , , 17 40 , ;1820 , ;1890 , 50 , , 1914 1888 , , , , , , , , , 1804 , (Count Volney) : , , ,
9、, , , 1809 , (Samuel Williams) , , , 10 10 11 , : (Nicholas Collin) 1798 , , (Viscount De Chateaubriand) , , (Horace Greeley) , , , , (Henry David Thoreau) , , 19 , , , , , (William Bartram) (George B.Emerson) (James Fenimore Cooper) (Thomas Cole) , , (George Perkins Marsh) , 1864 , , , , , , , , (Franklin B.Hough) (Bernhard Fernow) (Gifford Pinchot) 19 , , , 19 1866 ,
