1、 探讨语言与自然生物的生存和发展状态的同构性一、生态语言学的发展 Development, ecological Linguistics生态学是生物学家 Haeckel（1866）根据达 尔文进化论而提出的一个概念，该词来自希腊语 Oikos（房子），意思是整个地球就像个大房子一样，人类在这所房子里具有和其它有机物一样的地位，任何一种生命的存在形式都取决于其它物种的存在。所谓生态系统就是一种相互和谐、相互依存的关系。 Ecology is a biologist Haeckel ( 1866 ) proposed a concept according to Darwins theory of
2、 evolution, the word comes from the Greek Oikos ( house ), mean the whole earth is like a big house, human beings have the same and other organic matter status in this house, any kind of life form depends on the other the presence of species. The so-called ecological system is a kind of mutual harmo
3、ny, interdependent relationship.受达尔文的影响，19 世纪德国语言学家施莱歇尔（A.Schleicher）认为：“ 语言和生物一样，也要经历生、长、老、死的生物生命过程”（裴文，2003）。美国斯坦福大学的E.Haugen（1971）最早提出并使用“ 语言生态”（language ecology）这 一概念。之后， Haugen 在语言生态学一文中提出要“研究任何特定语言与环境之间的相互作用关系” ，并将http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 语言环境与生物生态环境作隐喻类比。此后， “语言生态” 的隐喻开始被语言研究者接受并广泛使用。 Infl
4、uenced by Darwin, the nineteenth Century German linguist Schleicher ( A.Schleicher ) think: “ language and biology, also want to experience the life process, long life, old, dead “ ( PEI, 2003 ). The United States Stanford University E.Haugen ( 1971 ) proposed most early and the use of “ ecology of
5、language “ ( Language Ecology ) this concept. After that, Haugen in the “ ecology of language “ in a paper presented to the “ study on the interaction relationship “ between any particular language environment, and language environment and ecosystem of metaphor analogy. Since then, “ metaphorical la
6、nguage ecology “ began to be accepted and widely used language researchers.20 世纪 80 年代，德国 Bielefeld 大学的一批学者进一步将生态学原理和方法应用于语言研究。这一时期出现了一些以“ 语 言生 态学” 或“生态语言学”为题的着述，使学科理 论框架得以确立。1990 年，M.Halliday 在国际应用语言学会议（AILA）上的报告促使语言研究者对语言和环境问题的关系做出新的思考，即把语言和语言研究作为生态问题的组成部分加以考察，从而形成了生态语言学的另一研究范式。20 世纪 90 年代，全球生态危机使
7、人类生存与发展问题变得十分严峻，越来越多的学者开始关注生态语言学。学者们以不同http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 的方式、方法把生态学应用于语言研究领域。同时，一些生态学概念被用来研究语言现象和语言发展规律，以帮助人们从新的视角审视语言现象。 Nineteen eighties, a group of researchers at the University of Bielefeld in Germany will further study the ecological principles and methods used in language. This peri
8、od appeared in some “ ecology of language “ or “ ecological linguistics “ in the title of the work, the theoretical framework of the discipline has been established. In 1990, M.Halliday International Conference on Applied Linguistics ( AILA ) make a new way of thinking of the relationship between la
9、nguage and environment problem on the report to make language researchers, namely, language and language study as part of the ecological problems to be investigated, thus forming another research paradigm of ecological linguistics. Nineteen ninties, the global ecological crisis to human survival and
10、 development has become more and more serious, more and more scholars begin to pay attention to ecological linguistics. Scholars in different ways, methods used in the field of language research. At the same time, some ecological concept was used to study the phenomenon of language and language deve
11、lopment law, examine the linguistic phenomenon from a new perspective to help people.http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 语言系统本身也是一个开放的生态系统，语言的生存和发展状态与自然生物生态之间具有某种程度的内在同构性。本文从环境（environment）、自然选择（natural selection）、协同进化（co-evolution）和恒定性（conservation）角度来分析现代汉语新词汇的产生。 The ecological system of the language sys
12、tem itself is an open, the survival and development of language between the state and the natural biological ecology has inherent isomorphism to some degree. This paper from the environment ( environment ), natural selection ( natural selection ), coevolution (co-evolution ) and constant ( Conservat
13、ion ) analysis of the modern Chinese new vocabulary angle.二、从生物产生和依存的环境（environment）看新词汇的产生 Two, from the biological production and interdependent environment (environment ) can produce new vocabulary在某一生物群落中，由于自然的长期演化，当温度、湿度以及气候等外部环境允许时，该群落中就会产生新的物种。生态语言学认为，世界上任何语言系统都不是孤立存在的，它的产生和发展都与自然、社会、文化、人群等环境
14、因素密切相关。语言与它所处的 酱油生态环境构成生态语言系统。当自然环境、社会环境、文化环境和人类环境等外部环境允http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 许时，该语言体系中就会产生新的词汇。 In a community, due to the long-term evolution of nature, when the temperature, humidity and climate environment allows, the community will be the creation of a new species. Ecological linguistics
15、holds that any language system, the world is not isolated, its origin and development are closely related to environmental factors of natural, social, culture, population etc Language and the ecological environment of the ecological structure of the language system. When the natural environment, soc
16、ial environment, cultural environment and human environment allows, will the language system to generate new vocabulary.如果我们将汉语语言体系看成是一个生态语言系统，那么目前，我国社会、经济、科技、文化等方面的飞速发展，为新词汇的产生提供了有利的外部环境，使词汇以多渠道、多形式在汉语语言体系内部进行优化重组，从而导致新词汇的产生。 If we take the Chinese language system as an ecological language system,
17、so at present, the rapid development of Chinas society, economy, science and technology, culture and other aspects, to provide a favorable external environment for the generation of new vocabulary words, to optimize the http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ reorganization in the internal language system with
18、multi-channel, multi-form, resulting in new vocabulary.（一）以形象比喻来表达词汇意义 ( a ) to metaphor to express the meaning of words“蚁族”指大学毕业生低收入聚居群体；“ 草根网民”指那些身份普通、平凡的网民；“裸考” 指考生没有任何加分（如三好生、体育特长生、少数民族考生等），仅凭考试成绩报考高校。“ Ant tribe “ refers to the university graduates in low-income groups; “ careless root netizen
19、“ refers to the identity of the ordinary, ordinary users; “ test “ refers to the examinee does not have any points ( such as Miyoshi students, students, minority students ), only by examination for colleges and universities.（二）以数字、字母或符号来彰显个性 ( two ) the numbers, letters or symbols to highlight the p
20、ersonality7456气死我了；886拜拜了；520我爱你；MM妹妹或美眉；GG哥哥；（-_-）表示神秘笑容；- 表示咪着眼睛笑；Zzzzz表示睡觉打呼的样子。 7456 - I am furious; 886 - goodbye; 520 - I love you; MM - or GG - brother sister eyebrow; ( -_- ) said the mysterious smile; - said Mi eyes laughed; Zzzzz . . Said snoring.http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ （三）以汉字谐音来表达词汇意义
21、 ( three ) to express the meaning in Chinese characters.大虾大侠；邮箱油箱或幽香；斑竹或斑猪版主。 Prawns - heroes; mailbox - oil or fragrance; bamboo or Banzhu - moderator.（四）以飞白构词 ( four) the feibai formation故意运用白字示错的修辞方式来追求新奇独特或标榜新潮。例如：“我” 用“偶”替代；“ 什么”用“神马” 替代；“悲剧”用“杯具” 替代； “院士”用“ 院仕”替代；“诺贝尔奖” 用“暖被儿奖”替代。 Rhetoric way
22、 deliberately use white showing the wrong to the pursuit of novelty or flaunt fashion. For example: “ I “ with “ I “ instead of “ what “; “ what “ instead of “ tragedy “; “ cup with“ alternative “ academician “; instead of “ Yuan Shi “; “ Nobel Prize “ with “warm is award “ alternative.（五）以仿词派生来创造新词
23、汇 ( five) in imitation of Ci to create new words“淑”字以前仅用于形容女孩，现在“ 淑”被单独作为一个自由语素，转移修饰对象，温文尔雅的男孩也可以称作“淑男”。 http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ “ Shu “ previously only used to describe the girl, now “ Shu “ be alone as a free morpheme, transferred epithet, refined and cultured boy can also be called “ Shu man
24、“.经济、科技、文化等方面的发展，为新词汇的产生提供了有利的外部环境，而新词汇的产生则对原有生态语言系统进行了更好的补充和完善， 泰安锅炉这样便更好地反映了社会生活、经济、科技、文化等领域的新现象和新情况。 The development of economy, science and technology, culture and other aspects, to provide a favorable external environment for the generation of new vocabulary, and produce new vocabulary is the o
25、riginal ecology of language system is more perfect and supplement, so as to better reflect the new phenomenon and the new situation of social life, economy, technology, culture and other fields.三、从自然选择（natural election）角度看汉语新词汇的产生 Natural selection, from three ( NATURAL election ) of Chinese new wor
26、ds生物学告诉我们，生命力是生物的活动能力，生命呈现着生生不息的动态。作为交际与传承文化载体的语言同样具有这一显性。随着历史的变迁和社会的发展，语言也存在交融、消退、旧词复出、变异等生命发展的特质。 “物竞天择，适者生http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 存” 是自然界和物种进化的规律。适应环境的物种得以生存，不适应环境的物种消失、消退或被融入其它物种中。词汇也是如此。一些词汇因为失去了生存使用的环境，逐渐退出原有的生态语言系统。一些语言在交际中并不是被全盘吸收和接纳的，往往会产生语音、词汇结构、语法规则等的变异。变异产生的原因与人们的个人因素、社会环境和自然环境等因素有关。
27、词汇的自然选择体现在：词汇的消退，旧词复出，旧有词汇意义被吸收融入新词汇中，固有词汇增加新义和专业词汇应用的泛化。 Biology tells us, the vitality is the biological activities, life appears to life and growth in nature and dynamic. As a communicative and inherit the culture carrier of language with the same dominant. With the development of history and soc
28、iety, language has subsided, blending, old words back, variation of life development traits. “ Survival of the fittest in natural selection, survival of the fittest “ is nature and species evolution. To adapt to the environment of the species to survive, not adapt to the environment, or by species d
29、isappear fade into other species. So vocabulary. Some of the vocabulary because of lost the survival environment, gradually withdraw from the original ecological language system. Some of the language in communication is not completely absorbed and accepted, http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ variation tend
30、s to produce speech, lexical structure, grammar rules. Personal factors, the reasons people variation resulting from the social environment and the natural environment and other factors. Natural selection Vocabulary: vocabulary subsided, embodied in the old words back, old word meaning is absorbed i
31、nto the new vocabulary words, new meanings inherent increase generalization and vocabulary application.（一）词汇的消退 ( a ) vocabulary regression1.随着时代的发展，一些古汉语词汇如人名、地名、官名、器物名、少数民族的称呼等，因为这些事物的消失而逐渐退出人们的日常生活。如：皐陶传说中的夏初人；天姥山古地名；单于古代匈奴首领；匏-古代乐器。 1 with the development of the times, some of the ancient Chines
32、e vocabulary such as the names, official titles, artifacts, ethnic name, because these things disappear gradually out of peoples daily life. Such as: Gao Tao - one of the legends of the early summer; Tianmu Mountain - the ancient names; the Xiongnu chieftain Chanyu - ancient Pao - ancient musical in
33、struments.2.一些不适应文明社会进步发展的词汇也逐渐退出日常交际的舞台。如 20 世纪六七十年代大量涌现的反映时代特http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 色的文革词汇。如：揪斗、黑后台、黑线人物、黑七类、文斗、武斗、文攻武卫、一小撮、三反分子、批林批孔等词汇，由于带有很强的侮辱性和疯狂性，随着时代的发展和变革，因失去了生存的环境和土壤而被淘汰，逐渐淡出人们的视野。 2 some does not adapt to the development of civilized society vocabulary also gradually withdraw from
34、the daily communication stage. As of twentieth Century sixty or seventy years in large numbers reflect characteristics of the era of cultural revolution. Such as: struggle, black background, black people, black seven, Wendou, fighting, Wen Wuwei tapping, a handful of Confucius, three molecules, such
35、 as vocabulary, because of insulting and crazy sex is very strong, with the development and changes of the times, and eliminated as a result of the loss of living environment and soil, gradually fade out peoples field of vision.（二）旧词复出并被赋予新义 ( two ) the old word back and was given new meanings囧，本义“光
36、明”，在现代汉语中基本已经不再使用，近年来，它被民众“望形生 义” 而复活。由于其形象如 “八字眉、张口结舌的方块脸”而重新被吸 纳入汉语语言词汇系统，并被赋予“悲伤 、无奈或者是极 为尴尬的心情” 义，通“窘”。 Embarrassed, the original meaning of “ light “ in modern http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ Chinese, basic is no longer in use, in recent years, it is the people “ looking shape causes “. Because of
37、its image as “ splay eyebrow, be Agape and tongue-tied square face“ and to be absorbed into the system of Chinese language, and is given the “ sad, helpless or extremely awkward mood “, through “ embarrassed “.（三）旧有词汇意义被吸收融入新词汇中 ( three ) the old word meaning is absorbed into the new vocabulary菜鸟网络新
38、手；艺人俳优，挂死；旅途客路。 Rookie - newbie; artists - comedian, hanging - death - off the road trip.（四）固有词汇增加新义 ( four ) increase the inherent lexical meanings炒，原指烹调形式的一种，现增加词义为：经营、倒卖，如：炒股；价格暴涨，如：炒卖；辞退、解雇，如：炒鱿鱼；宣传，如：炒明星。 Fried, originally refers to a form of cooking, is to increase the meaning is: business, pr
39、oducts, such as : the stock market; the prices, such as: speculation; the dismissal, dismissal, such as: fried squid;propaganda, such as: fried star.http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 宰，原义为“主管、杀 ”，新增加词义为“诈取钱财”，如：宰客。 The original meaning of “ kill, kill, competent, “ added new meaning of “ get money “, such
40、 as: rip.（五）专业词汇应用的泛化 ( five ) the generalization of specialized vocabulary application“病毒”原为医学名词，指比细菌更小、用电子显微镜才能看见的病原体，现指能让电脑软件或硬件出现错误的指令或故障。 “冲浪 ”原指一种水上运 动，现用来表示上网 时从一个网站到另一个网站连续不断地链接浏览。 “ Virus “ was originally a medical term, refers to smaller than bacteria, using an electron microscope, can see
41、 the pathogen, now refers to computer software or hardware instruction or fault error occurred. “ Surf “ refers to a kind of water sports, is used to represent the Internet from one site to another web site continuously links.汉语词汇的淘汰、复活和旧词赋新义，与社会文化和人们心理的变化发展有关，与政治、经济等因素的发展变化息息相关，是自然选择的结果。 Chinese wo
42、rds out, the resurrection and the old words new meanings associated with Fu, social culture and the change of peoples psychological development, is closely related to development and political, economic and other factors, is the http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ result of natural selection.四、从物种多样性和协同进化（c
43、o-evolution）角度看新词汇的产生 Four, from the species diversity and co-evolution (co-evolution ) perspective to produce new vocabulary生态科学研究表明，生态系统的年龄与生物多样性密切相关，其自我调节功能也随着生物多样性的提高而提高。丰富的多样性使占据不同生态位的物种能有效地利用环境资源，从而提高生态系统的稳定性，达到生态系统的平衡。 Study on the ecological science shows, closely related to the age of ecosy
44、stem and biodiversity, the self adjusting function with the biodiversity increased. The rich diversity that occupy different ecological niche of the species can effectively use of environmental resources, so as to improve the stability of the ecosystem, to achieve the balance of the ecosystem.美国文化史学
45、家、生态思想家托马斯 柏励提出了生态纪（Ecozoic Era）学说， “解决自然生态平衡的最好的办法是人类要有与自然协作的精神。 ” The United States of America cultural historian, ecological thinker Thomas Barry presents Ecozoic Era ( Ecozoic Era ) theory, “ the best way to solve the ecological balance of nature is human nature to have and the spirit of collabo
46、ration. “http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 汉语语言体系作为一个开放的生态体系，须与外界进行物质和能量的交换，须与强势语言协同进化，以增强汉语语言体系的自我调节功能，从而提高语言系统的稳定性。协同进化的方式主要表现为：外来词汇的引进、方言和网络词汇的泛化。 The Chinese language system as the ecological system is an open, the exchange shall substance and energy with the outside world, must evolve together with the strong language, the Chinese language system to enhance the self adjusting function, so as to improve the stability of the language system. Coevolutionary method
