1、艺术Art in itself is a language, a tool which embodies its creators inner passion and ideology. Its meaning lies not in humoring the public taste and predilection but in the exploration of the richness of the spirit within self.（评论家之于艺术）1) An unrecognized jade is no different from a petty stone. Art i
2、s not a very accessible subject for everyone. As a direct product of the artists passion and a manifestation of the artists creative impulse, its abstruse nature and beauty often requires interpretation. Has there not been the critic who discovers and advocates the values of great works of art, they
3、 may remain obscure and submerged by the numerous uninspired efforts. 2) The critic can provide constructive feedback and criticism for the artist and prompt better work. In both circumstances, the critic serves as the communication bridge between the artist and the general public. This “bridge“ may
4、 sometimes appear rickety, but it is indispensible. It translates the language of art, without which the value appreciation would not even be possible. 艺术家对社会的贡献，杰出个人造就历史，创新，颠覆传统Marcel Duchamp, a French-born American artist, is a legendary figure whose works and ideas have had a profound influence o
5、n the developing path of 20th century art. His quest for irrationality and freedom is extraordinarily remarkable in the rationality-dominant Western world. In 1917, his most well-known work of art titled “Fountain“ was displayed in a gallery in New York. In fact, it was an ordinary, mass-produced ur
6、inal which Marcel purchased from a local store. While this was indeed a bold and subversive act, it vividly demonstrated Marcels maverick personality and revolutionary thought about art: to transcend the confines of old, established aesthetic principles and originality. 不被当代认可的艺术家，贫困潦倒，评论家发现艺术家价值Jan
7、 Vermeer, a Dutch painter who masters use of light and shadow, represents the many great artists who did not receive appreciation during their own times. He has not sold one piece of his paintings in his lifetime and died young leaving his family nothing but debt. It was not until late 19th century,
8、 nearly two centuries after his death, that he was rediscovered by art critic Thore Burger who reintroduced to the public Vermeers paintings which then began to gain wide attention and admiration. Today Vermeer is regarded as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age. 艺术反映现实，隐藏的社会理念与动力Sto
9、wes Uncle Toms Cabin, which was the best-selling novel of 19th century, provides a perfect example of literature as an agent of social change. By depicting the cruel reality of slavery, the anti-slavery novel, to some degree, helped fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s and aggravated the section
10、al conflict which eventually gave rise to the Civil War. Its impact on American society was all the more notable, reinforced by the anecdote of Lincoln, who once said to Stowe: “So this is the little lady who started this great war.” Often using contemporary settings and adding artist expressions, w
11、riters show in their writings the ideas and impulses underneath the society.（三个例子排比）Picassos masterpiece Guernica was created at the news of the bombing of the small town during Spanish Civil War and the painting conveyed a sentiment of strong grief and indignation. Beethovens Symphony No. 5 communi
12、cated a resistant spirit to the plight pitted against by the manipulation of fate. Cervantes Don Quixote insinuated the arbitrary powers of the church and satirized the knight novels prevalent in Spanish society at the time. 艺术家对社会贡献，政府应适度支持艺术，个人经历坎坷的艺术家Samuel Johnson, 18th century highly-acclaimed
13、British writer and critic, is a man knowing the pains of poverty. Johnson started a degree in Oxford but was forced to drop out due to his fathers deteriorating financial conditions and left for London where he led a difficult life as a hack, and also where he completed what came to be the most auth
14、oritative English dictionary for 150 years, “A Dictionary of the English Language”. The publication of the dictionary established his reputation. What people did not know was that throughout the eight years of compiling his dictionary, Johnson received no patronage and relied solely on himself in th
15、is gigantic work in spite of his earnest request for help from the authority. Yet he was treated with total indifference and even contempt especially by Lord Chesterfield. Had there been support of one patron, his work would have been finished within a far shorter time period.政治 反面例子，领导者贪污腐败About tw
16、o years ago, Shanghais Party Secretary Chen Liangyu was arrested for bribery and abuse of power. During his tenure, Chen unlawfully transferred the ownership of a major highway project of Shanghai to a businessman who offered him considerable personal benefits, and clandestinely granted loans of mor
17、e than $10,000,000 from the citys social security fund. When the illegal trade was finally uncovered, a loss on the country of approximately $46,000,000 had already occurred. This is a perfect example of a public official, who do not have at heart the welfare and interest of the people, betrays the
18、leadership and trust afforded to him. As the sordid and ignoble means by which he wielded his power was disclosed, the damage was not only loss of state-owned assets, but even more detrimental, the diminished public confidence in the government. The Chen lesson provides an important caveat to leader
19、s, possessing more or less power: a public official should hold moral standards commensurate with his position. 伟大的领袖Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and a prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement who stood up for a color-blind society, acted to im
20、prove the lot of the black people, and struck out against injustice. As the youngest man awarded Nobel Prize for Peace, Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and justice between fellow human beings and died in the cause of that effort. He wanted equal treatment for all people regardless of t
21、heir colors and preached nonviolence resistance. Although he was arrested and assaulted several times throughout his civil rights endeavor, he never wavered in his determination to end racial segregation and discrimination in virtue of his firm conviction of equality and human rights. 领导者需要的品质：有长远的眼
22、光对未来的准确预测；对众多资料的分析能力能在复杂情况下做出良好判断；仁爱之心；良好的心理素质 gave people strength in time of trouble, wisdom in time of uncertainty, and sharing in time of happiness; saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it；strong sense of responsibility, exceptional polit
23、ical wisdom and charisma文化（学习不同文化有助于了解自己文化）Since most if not all learning occurs through comparisons, relating one observation to another, it would be strange indeed if the study of other cultures did not also illuminate the study of our own. 典礼和仪式标示文化，带给人们归属感In Chinese culture, the Spring Festival
24、has been the single most ceremonious and cherished holiday. Rituals of this festival, passed down from one generation to another for centuries, include gluing spring couplets written with wishes onto the door of the house, setting off deafening firecrackers, reserving dishes on the last day of the y
25、ear for the start of the Lunar New Year and visiting relatives and friends that day. The Chinese people repeat these rituals so readily every year that they have become deeply ingrained as a distinctive cultural identity of the Chinese. The Spring Festival to them is more than just a holiday. By ard
26、ently devoting to the celebrating activities the Chinese distinguish themselves and attain a strong sense of identity. 迷信In ancient China, the army generals, before going to war, often resorted to an augury board on casters called Planchette to predict the outcome of the war. 建筑与艺术展现文化传统The Suzhou G
27、arden built in Ming Dynasty is seen as an exemplar of the seventeenth-century Chinese gardens, which were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the transitoriness of the natural beauty and human glory. Initially constructed for the upper class as a recreation
28、al place, these gardens later displayed the focus of an alternative lifestyle that valued quiet meditation and literary pursuits the timeless essence of the Chinese culture. And the traditional Chinese paintings which typically used mountains and lakes as the subjects demonstrate the Chineses partic
29、ular affection towards the splendor of nature.科技利与弊，在于人们如何利用ozone destruction, car emission, internet, nuclear energy 当务之急与百年大计 原子对抗机 LHC，目的在于揭开宇宙诞生之谜，没有实用价值，研究费用颇高，美国花费几十亿，还存在引发黑洞的风险，招致很多反对声音。Today, with the ever more serious social problems including unemployment, poverty and hunger, atmospheric p
30、ollutions and so forth, it seems reasonable to question a government which directs its limited resources to support scientific researches that make contributions solely to theoretical affirmations and academic inquiries. Take the recent research effort in LHC (Large Hadron Collider) for example. Ame
31、rican scientists together with European experts are ardently devoted into this strikingly expensive project the success of which is expected to answer some most fundamental questions of physics and confirm the Big Bang model about the formation of the universe. While on the other side of the picture
32、, there is the U.S. and the rest of the world still recovering from the 2008 financial crisis; there is the unemployment rate showing no sign of stopping increasing; there is the ozone depletion that is threatening human existence yet to be relieved. Complaints from the public are thus likely: with
33、the basic needs and safety of living unwarranted, who cares about how the universe came into being? 被埋没的英雄，推翻前人（爱迪生），科学家电力发明改造世界We all know that Einstein was the great scientist who created the first light bulb and illuminated our world, but few recognize that it was the titanic figure Nikola Tesla,
34、 an inventor and electrical engineer, whose contribution to the birth of commercial electricity has enabled our world to function the way it does today. Teslas revolutionary idea of using alternating current (AC) to generate electricity was proposed at a time when Einsteins direct current electric p
35、ower system was widely adopted. Due to the existing research data suggesting the impossibility of applying alternating current, his ambition was dismissed as fanciful. However, the prodigious scientist did not give up. Nor was he afraid to challenge the authoritative views. Finally, after years of d
36、ogged explorations and experiments, Tesla finally proved the feasibility of his vision which led to a series of scientific discoveries later that are of groundbreaking significance to modern electrical engineering.科学研究（政府不该限制科学研究）Any kind of scientific research and development work most perfectly un
37、der a free and open environment with limited constraints from the government. This is because the nature of scientific research is rooted in the exploration of the unknown world. It would cease to be “scientific research“ if the outcome of the endeavor is to be circumscribed or predetermined. And go
38、vernmental restrictions would undoubtedly force upon scientists such definitiveness, thereby impeding real progress of scientific research and development. Another feature of scientific research that makes a non-restraining social environment necessary for breakthrough to occur is its forward perspe
39、ctive. Oftentimes what people have considered wrong in the past later, maybe after a few decades, proves to be right, and such recognition is, more often than not, accompanied by social or economical benefits. （政府应有的态度）It is the evil and ill-intentioned application of scientific research results rat
40、her than the research itself that should be the major worry and concern on the part of the government. Therefore, the government must be prudent and impartial in this respect, weighing carefully the benefits which can be brought about by a prominent scientific development against the possible harms
41、that can be imposed on the society and human beings if used maliciously.The success of science is due in great part to its emphasis on objectivity: the reliance on evidence rather than preconceptions and the willingness to draw conclusions even when they conflict with traditional beliefs. 苏联政府限制，阻碍科
42、学研究发展A telling example of the inherent danger of setting and compelling official research priorities involves the Soviet governments attempt during the 1920s to not only arbitrarily dictate the direction and objectives of the scientists research, but also to distort the outcome of the research, oste
43、nsibly for the greatest good of the greatest number of people. Yet reality turned out exactly the opposite during this time period, no significant scientific advances occurred, which had caused inestimable negative effects on the nation.历史（学习历史的意义）The key of study of history is not rooted in the pre
44、cise and complete reconstruction of the past particularizing historical facts; rather, it is about delivering the timeless essence and spirit of humanity beyond fashion and economics as a beacon light which illuminates the present and casts the glow of hope for a better future.（历史对现在有用）Despite the c
45、ontingencies of time, space, and history, human societies have confronted the same existential problems and have come to remarkably similar solutions, differing only in superficial details. It is a revolutionary world we live in, and this generation at home and around the world has had thrust upon i
46、t a greater burden of responsibility than any generation that has ever lived. Some believe there is nothing one man or one woman can do against the enormous array of the worlds ills. Yet many of the worlds great movements, of thought and action, have flowed from the work of a single man. A young mon
47、k began the Protestant reformation; a young general extended an empire from Macedonia to the borders of the earth; a young woman reclaimed the territory of France; and it was a young Italian explorer who discovered the New World, and the 32 year-old Thomas Jefferson who proclaimed that “all men are
48、created equal.“ These men moved the world, and so can we all. Few will have the greatness to bend history itself, but each of us can work to change a small portion of events, and in the total of all those acts will be written the history of this generation. *It is from numberless diverse acts of cou
49、rage and belief that human history is shaped.* Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring, those ripples build a current that can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance. 墨西哥之父，杰出个人创造历史Miguel Hidalgo, regarded as “Father of the Nation“ by Mexicans, was the precursor of the Mexican war of independence. His inspirational speech encouraged the whole nati
