1、Pocket 英语语法第一讲英语五种基本句式He learns English every day. 他每天学英语基本句式一:S V (主+谓)The universe remains 宇宙长存基本句式二:S V P (主 +系+表) 系动词表连系作用.表语是描述主语性质特点位置的词The food is delicious 这个食物很好吃基本句式三:S V O (主+ 谓+宾)宾语是动作执行的对象He took his bag and left 他拿着书包离开了基本句式四:S V o O (主+谓+ 间宾+直宾)注: o，一般指人。 O，一般指物。Her father bought her
2、a dictionary 他的爸爸给他买了一本词典。基本句式五:S V O C (主+谓+宾+ 宾补)We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成!第二讲 Be 动词的形式和用法Be 动词的形式：一般现在时：be,is,am,are。一般过去时：was,were。Be 动词的现在分词：being。Be 动词的过去分词：been。=Is:和单数主语连用的 be 动词。 The man is back.Are: 和复数主语连用的 be 动词。They are backWas:和单数主语
3、连用的 be 动词 he was back.Were:复数主语连用的过去形式。They were backBeen：复数主语连用的现在完成时态形式 they have been backBe 动词的用法：后面接名词，形容词，地点副词，或短语作补足语。1the man is a teacher a tercher 是补足语，补充说明前面的2 Marys new dresses are colorful3 My mother was in the kitchenBe 动词的练习：现在时:They are teachers. 他们是老师。过去时:he was a teacher before. 他以
4、前是一名老师。( 但现在不是了)现在完成时:He has been a teacher for 3 years 他已经当了 3 年的老师了。第三讲 Be 动词的否定/提问/ 回答Be 动词的否定在 am, is, are, was, were 后面加 not缩略式 am not,isnt,arent,wasnt,werent.例子：The man isnt back I am not back They arent back He wasnt back They werent backBe 动词提问和回答Is he a teacher?Yes,he is/No,he isnt 是的，他是/不，
5、他不是Are you a teacher?你是一名老师么？Yes,I am/No, I am not 是的，我是/不，我不是Were they teacher? 他们以前是老师么？Yes,they were /No,they werent 是的，他们是/不，他们不是。Be 动词的练习：1. 他是医生么？Is he a doctor? Yes, he is / No,he isnt 不他不是2他们昨天在教室么？（ yesterday，classroom） Were they in the classroom yesterday?Yes，they was/ No，they wasnt 是的，他们在
6、/不，他们不在3他们昨天不在教室 They werent in the classroom yesterday第四讲代词的主格和宾格主格代词：I he she it you we theyI am a teacher he is a teacher you are teacher宾格代词：me him her it you us themHe likes me. 他喜欢我 We like her. 我们喜欢她 I like him 我喜欢他们练习：我喜欢它 I like it。他们认识他 They know him第五讲名词性/形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词：单数形式：my,your,his
7、/her/its,ones( 某人的)复数形式：our（我们的） ，your（你们的） ，their（他们的）形容性物主代词后直接跟名词例子：this is my book 这是我的书 we love our motherland 我爱我们的祖国those are your socks 那些是你的袜子名词性物主代词：单数形式：mine 我的，yours 你的，his/hers/its，ones（某人的）复数形式：ours 我们的，yours 你们的，theirs 他们的名词性物主代词：有名词性质，不能接任何名词，本身有了名词的概念例子：the book is ours the apple is
8、 hers练习：My teacher is Chinese 我的老师是中国人This computer is theirs 这个电脑是他们的Our book is on the sheif 我们的书在书架上主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词我 I Me My Mine他 He Him His His她 She Her Her Hers它 It It Its Its你/你们You You Your Yours我们 We Us Our Ours他们 They Them Their Theirs主格：放在主语的位置上宾格：放在宾格的位置上形容词性物主代词：后面可接名词名词性物主代词:后面不可
9、接名词了，本身包含名词意思。 （得综合上下文看） 。第六讲反身代词反身代词：某人自己Myself 我自己 yourselves 你们自己Yourself 你自己 ourselves 我们自己Herself 她自己 themselves 它们自己Himself 他自己Itself 它自己反身代词语法please help yourself to some fish 随便吃些鱼吧。we enjoyed ourselves last night. 我们昨天晚上玩的很开心the thing itself is not important 事情本身并不重要练习：take good care of (yo
10、urself). 照顾好自己She gained contral of (herself) 她控制住了她自己第七讲: 实意动词的特征（Come read go watch play fly）具有实在意义he comes from Shenyang. 他来自沈阳（实意动词在句子中作谓语） （一般现在时）she is reading story books 她正在阅读故事书.（现在进行时）They went to America yesterday 他们昨天去美国了（went 是 go 的过去时）We have watched the game for three times 我们已经看这个游戏看
11、了 3 遍了（现在完成时）My mother will fly back to china next month。我的妈妈将在下个月飞回国（将来时，前面加上 will）练习 He come to Shanghai yesterday。他昨天来上海了We are writing homework 我们正在写作业They have read this book three times 他们读这本书已经读 3 遍了。第八讲:实意动词的否定/提问/ 回答.使用助动词进行否定,在助动词(一般现在式)do (三单)does (过去式)did 后面加 not.Do not /dont does not/do
12、esnt did not/didnt1,I dont go to school by bus.我不坐公车去上学 .2,she doesnt watch TV everyday.她每天不看电视3,they didnt swim last night.他们昨晚没游泳使用助动词进行提问: 助动词放句首.动词变原形.1,he often plays golf.他经常打高尔夫球Does he often play golf? 他经常打高尔夫球吗?Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt.2,they go to school by bus.他们坐公车去上学.Do they go to sc
13、hool by bus?他们坐公车去上学吗?Yes, they do. /No, they dont3,sam had breakfast yesterday. sam 昨天吃早餐了.Did sam have breakfast yesterday?Yes, he did No,he didnt练习:1,他每天都学英语吗?Does he learn englidh everyday?Yes, he does. No,he doesnt2,tom 昨天没吃早餐.(have breakfast) tom didnt have breakfast yesterday.第九讲:使用疑问词进行提问和回答
14、使用疑问词进行提问:when where who what howHe bought three books yesterday.他昨天买了三本书Who bought three books yesterday.谁昨天买了三本书?What did he buy yesterday.他昨天买了什么? 疑问词不是主语需加助动词在疑问词后面When did he buy three books?他什么时候买的三本书? 疑问词不是主语需加助动词They wanted to go to shanghai by air.Who wanted to go to shanghai by air?Where d
15、id they want to go by air?How did they want to go to shanghai?第十讲:使用疑问词进行提问和回答How long 多长时间 , how far 多远, how often 多长时间一次, why 为什么1,they have been in china for three years.How long have they been in china.2,it is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xian?How far is it from Beijing to Xian?3,they come
16、 to visit me once a week 一星期一次 .How often do they come to visit me?4,she came late, because she missed the bus.她来晚了, 因此错过了公车.Why did she come late?练习:1,他们学汉语多长时间了?How long have they learned English.现在完成式.2,你多长时间看一次电影?How often do you watch movies?你的家离学校多远?How far is it form your house to your school
17、?第十一讲: 名词1 可数名词(countable noun)指数得过来的概念,有单复数之分Apple-apples pencil-pecils student-. Tomato-tomatoes一般加 s以 s.z.x.ch.sh 结尾加 es. Bus-buses以辅音字母+y 结尾,y 变 i 加 es以 o 结尾 ,如果不是外来词或缩写就加 es tomato-tomatoes 缩写 hippo-hippos可数名词前加 a(an)或量词Apple- an apple-apples a box of apples.Tomato-a tomato-tomatoes a bag of to
18、matoes.2 不可数名词(uncountable noun)无法计算的数量或抽象概念,不可加 a,an,没有复数,但前面可加量词Salt coffee water history loveCoffee-a cup of coffee, 练习:he bought me a box of chocolate, a bike第十二讲:指示代词和不定代词指示代词:标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前面已提到的名词 This these that thoseThis is his book. Those apples were his. 不定代词:指代不确定的人或事物.one,the other, som
19、e,any something,nothing.No one knows there he is.Some of the boys want to go to shanghai, but the others want to go to xian.Each of the students has got a book.学生中的每一个人都有一本书 .练习:1,these teachers are form china2,I know nothing about this person.3,I have something to tell you.第十三讲:形容词形容人或事物的状态,性质, 大小等
20、 ,通常用在名词前或 be 动词后.Beautiful-the beautiful girl the girl is beautiful.The+形容词 =复数名词, 表示一类,后面的动词使用复数.Old-the old young-the young the old need more care than the young.练习;1,she is a good student. This bike is expansive. The rich sometimes complain their empty life.第十四讲:副词副词可以修饰动词,形容词, 其它副词以及其它结构 .He ru
21、ns fast. She is very beautiful. They work very hard.副司的位置:根据情况,入在助动词之后, 实意动词之前或之后.形容词之前, 其它副词之前或之后. 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.He speaks very fast. They have already left . they have already been repaired.常用的频度副词 always usually,often,sometimes never 的位置通常放在一般动词前面 ,Be 动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间.They always come early
22、. Sam often writes homework at 7:00练习:please write the word slowly. They sometimes come here. The tree is very tall.第十五讲: 不定量的表达法;不确定数量的表达法Some any most every allSome 主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时, 也可用在疑问句中,any 主要用在否定或疑问句中.Id been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there werent any for me.Most 作形容词时表
23、示大部分的.后面接复数名词.Most people here are from china.Every 表示每一个, 所有,后面接单数名词 .Every one likes the film.All 表示所有,后面接可数名词复数,不可数名词单数.All the cars are parked in the parking lot.All the coffee is served on time.练习:some boys went camping yesterday.All the children like to play football.Most teachers want to work
24、 here.第十六讲:不定量表达法-2Both 表示两者都,可作形容词 ,代词和副词,either 表示二者之一, neither 表示二者都不.Both his eyes were severely burned. There are trees on either side of the street.Neither answer is correct.Many 修饰可数名词,表示许多,much 修饰不可数名词,表示许多.A lot of (lots of ), plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词.Many books much water. A lot of / lots of
25、 books/water练习:both the hands are washed. Tom drank a lot of coffee last night.第十七讲: 不定量的表达法-3A few 为肯定含义几个, few 为否定含义没几个,二个词均可和不可数名词连用 .A few books are put into the box. Few books are put into the box.A little 为肯定含义一点儿,little 为否定含义没多点.二个词均可和不可数名词连用There is a little water in the bottle. There is lit
26、tle water in the bottle.None, no one 的意思相同,主要作代词,为一个也不,一点也不.用法稍有区别.None 可以接 of 短语,动词可用单数 ,也可用复数.No one 不可以接 of 短语,动词只能用单数.No one knows the answer. None of us have arrived.练习:a few books are put into the box.There is a little water in the bottle. None of us have arrived.第十八讲: there/here be 句型.There/h
27、ere be,根据上下文,有多种翻译方法 ,有,是.be 动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化.There is a book on the bookshelf there are some books on the bookshelf.Here is the bus stop. Here are your books.练习:there is a lot of water in the bottle. Here is your car.There are many students in the room.第十九讲: 一般现在时和现在进行时一般现在时表示通常性,规律性, 习惯性状态或者动作,评语是三
28、单有变化.非三单时为原形.They often get up at 7:00 he often gets up at 7:00三单变化,加 s. 以字母 s.x.ch.o 结尾加 es. Guess-guesses以辅音+y 结尾 ,y 变为 i 再加 es. Study-studies.一般现在时否定和疑问句用 do,doesHe doesnt like the car. Does he like the car? Yes,he does/no,he doesntThey dont like the car. Do they like the car? Yes,they do/no they
29、 dont现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作,通常有 now 等时间副词响应,形式为 be+VingThey are watching TV. He is watching TV I am watching TV.动词现在分词 Ving 的变化规则 :加 ing以不发音的 e 结尾,去 e 加 ing, take-taking重读闭音节,要双写尾字母再加 ing, cut-cutting以 ie 结尾 ,变 ie 为 y 再加 ing. Lie-lying.现在进行时否定和疑问,be 动词否定或提前.They arent watching TV , are they watching TV?
30、He isnt watching TV. Is he watching TV?Am I watching TV? Yes,you are, no,you arent.练习: he works very late every day do you study English yourself? Yes,I do.They are playing soccer now. 第二十讲: 一般过去和过去进行式一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态,过去习惯性或经常性的行为基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其它,一般动词在动词后面加 ed,还有些不规则动词不规则变化.Play-played come-ca
31、me he worked very hard last night. They came here by car.动词一般过去时变化规则: 一般加 ed. Play-played以字母 e 结尾只加 d, like-liked 辅音加 y 结尾,变 y 为 i 加 ed. Supply-supplied.重读闭音节结尾且只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母+ed plan-planned过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间内进行或发生的动作.其形式为 was/were+VingThey were waiting for you he was talking with his fri
32、ends just now.练习:they went swimming yesterday. Sam watching TV at 7:00 last night.第二十一讲: 将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态或者发生的动作与状态,常常和表示将来的时间状语连用.如 tomorrow next week , in the future.助动词 will/shall+动词原形,表示将来发生的事情. 主语是 i.we 一般用 shall.也可要以用 will. 其它用 will.They will go to shanghai by ship tomorrow. We shall lea
33、ve for shanghai next month.Be going to +动词原形用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为打算:就要.They are going to play football this afternoon she is going to learn French next year.Be+Ving 表示位置转移的动词. Go come leave start arrive,可用现在进行时表示将来时They are leaving for japan she is arriving tomorrow.练习:they are coming
34、 here soon , sam is going to learn Chinese next month. Peter and mike will finish the job tomorrow morning.二十二讲:完成时现在完成时:have/has+PP, 动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续, 可使用的时间状语为 already yetThey have already arrived in shanghai she has played soccer for three hours.She hasnt finished the homework yet.
35、过去完成时 had+PP,表示句中的动作发生在过去之前,即过去的过去 ,已经完成,对过去造成了影响或后果.They had arrived in shanghai she had played soccer for three hoursThey hadnt finished the work yet.练习:he has stopped the car outside. She hasnt been to shanghai yet.Had they planned to stay here?第二十三讲:动词的用法分为四类:实意动词 notional verb 系动词 link verb 助动词
36、 auxiliary verb 情态动词 model verb1 动词有数量和时态的变化,时态通常有三大时态,现在, 过去,将来2 根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时,完成时.使用动词时通常将 1 和 2 结合.如一般现在时,过去进行时 .He goes to school every day he went to hospital last night.动词形态变化总结:原形 单三 现在分词 过去式 过去分词Play plays playing played playedHave has having had hadGo goes going went gone第二十四讲:情态动词:c
37、an could may mightCan could 表示能力 ,用 be able to 代替 can/could 现在/ 过去的能力客观可能性 (can 的可能性大)表示请求和允许 但在时态里(can 是现在,could 是过去式)He can/could/is able to swim he can/could come tomorrow can/could I stay here?May/might 表示可能性,may 的可能性大 .请求,允许,might 更委婉.口语中常用的回答: yes,please no,you cant/mustnt()禁止 ,不准)He may/might
38、 come here by bus may/might I join you? Yes,please/no,you cant/you mustnt练习:she could speak French before. But now she cant.Might I come in? yes,please第二十五讲:情太动词(2) should, ought to, must(have to)Must,have to 表示必须, 必要.must 表示主观多一点,而 have to 表示客观条件必须去做的多一点Have to 有时态和数量的变化,must 和 have to 二者的否定意义不大相同.
39、You mustnt go 你不准去, you dont have to go,你不必去You must get up early,你必须早点起床, its going to rain, I have to go home now.Should 表示劝告,建议, 命令,其同义词是 ought to,should 强调主观看法,ought to 强调客观要求.在疑问句中,通常用 should 代替 ought to.You should/ought to do the job right now. should they stay here now?练习: I have to/must go a
40、nd see my mother in hospital tomorrow.You should/ought to work harder than that.第二十六讲:情态动词(3) need/dont have toNeed:需要 a:情态动词,情态动词可直接否定 b:实意动词, 否定要用助动词,有第三单和时态的变化,后面可加to 不定式情太动词:he need come here early. He neednt come here early.Need he come here early? Yes,he need/no,he neednt实意动词:he needs to come
41、here early. He doesnt need to come here early.Does he need to come here early? Yes,he does/no,he doesnt回答 must 和 have to 提问句时, 否定式使用 neednt dont have to 等回答方式Must I come here early tomorrow? Yes, you must, no,you neednt/dont have to.练习:you neednt do it again.你不需要重复做了.He neednt/doesnt have to worry a
42、bout it.这件事他不需要担心Does he need to do homework first?他需要先做作业吗?第二十七讲:情态动词(4) had better/ would ratherHad better 表示最好做某事,had 虽然是过去式, 但不表示过去,better 后面接动词原形.He had better eat more.他最好吃多点Youd better finish it right now,你最好马上做完这件事. Right now 是强调现在.Would rather 表示宁愿,宁可,最好,还是为好.语感上比 had better 要轻You would rat
43、her deal with it now.现在你还是把它处理掉比较好.否定形式分别为 had better not+动词原形 would rather not+动词原形.He had better not eat more,他最好别再吃了.You would rather not deal with it now.你最好别现在别处理那件事.练习:you had better stay here.你最好呆在这里I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好 .第二十八讲:情态动词(5) used to +V/would+V 表示过去习惯性的动作,可翻译为过去常常A: used
44、 to 可指过去的状态或情况, 而 would 则不能.The novel used to be popular.Would 表示反复发生的动作,如果某一动作没有反复性, 就不能用 would,只能用 used to.He would practice English every week.他去过每个星期都练习英语.I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京 .Used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束,would 则表示有可能再发生.People used to believe that the earth was flat.人们过去常常相信地球
45、是平的.He would go to the park as soon as he was free.他过去一有时间就会去公园 .练习:the window used to be open.窗户过去一直开着的.They would gather together every week.他们每周都聚在一起.Sam used to play golf, but he doesnt now. sam 过去经常打高尔夫, 但现在不打了第二十九讲:情态动词的否定和疑问形式情态动词的否定:情态动词+not+V 原形.He cant sing an English song. He may not know
46、 her he mustnt go there. He doesnt have to go there.Maynt:不可能 may not 可能不. Mustnt:不准 have 后面接 to,have 当实意动词,否定要加助动词.使用情态动词进行提问:情态动词+主语+V 原形Can he sing an English song? Yes,he can. No,he cantMust he go there? Yes,he must,no,he needntDoes he have to go there? Yes,he does, no,he doesntCan I stay here?
47、Yes,please must she go back now. no,she needntDoes he have to get up at 9:00, yes,he does.第三十讲:情态动词+have+PPa.表达过去事实.b.推测的含义.但助动词 should 除外He must have arrived.他准是已经到了. 这个是可能性最大的.He can/could have arrived.他可能已经到了. 这个可能性第二大 .He may/might have arrived.他可能已经到了.这个可能性最不大 .Should+have+pp:本应该.Neednt +have +
48、PP.本不需要He should have arrived.他本来应该到了,但是没到They should have finished the work.他们本来应该完成那个工作的.但是没完成.You neednt have done so.你本来不需要那么做的.但你做了 .Must have PP,准是已经Cant have pp 不可能已经 He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了.He cant have arrived,他不可能已经到了.练习:he can 可能 have arrived.五个都可以.He must 准是 have arrived.You neednt
49、 本不需要 have done so.They should 本应该 have finished the workHe cant 不可能 have arrived.第三十一讲: 被动语态(1)被动语态的构成和含义.如果主语是动作的承受者,则用动词的被动语态作谓语被动语态的构成:be+PPby sb.他被妈妈带到了美国 he is taken to America by his mother.被动语态有各种时态:The information is needed by us.一般时 the information is being needed by us.现在进行时The book was being read by him 过去进行时 the book was read by him 一般过去式The computer has been used by her 完成时被动The room will be cleaned 房间将会被打扫.The compute
