1、并列句和复合句、并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。(一)并列句的构成其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句” 。(二)常用的并列连词1常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and，but， or，so，for。词 意 用法and 和，并且 表示顺延或并列，如果两个分句都是肯定语气，用 and 连接。or 否则，或 者 表示选择，如果两个分句的语气为一个肯定，一个否定，则应 用 or 连接。but 但是 表示转折，but 与 thoughalthough 不能同时用在一个句子中。so 所以表示结果，由 so 连接的并列句可转换成 because 引导的主从复合句，两者不能同
2、时用在一个句子中表示“因为所以” 。for 因为 表示原因，是对另一个分句的补充说明，但不能放在句子的开 头。2其他的并列连词有：then，while，when，not only.but also.,neither.。nor，either.or，as well as 等。二、复合句复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构，主句是全句的主体，从句是主句中的一部分，不能独立存在。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在这里重点讲解宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。(一)宾语从句1.宜语从句的引导词
3、引导词 用法 例句that 本身无意义(口语中可省去)当宾语从句是陈述句时I really believe(that)Tom will help us我确实相信汤姆会帮助我们。ifwhether (or not)是否当宾语从句是一般疑问 句时Im not sure if I ll have time.我不敢肯定我是否会有时问。what，who，where，how，when，why，which，whose， whom 等当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时Please tell me when you were born请告诉我你是何时出生的。Id like to know what you want be
4、st我想知道你最想要 什么东西。注意：whether 和 if 引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须用 whether，不能用 if。 具有选择意义，宾语从句中有 or 或 or not 时。例如：Eg：We really dont know whether news is true or not我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。 在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如：Eg：We are talking about whether we ll go back to our hometown我们正在讨论是否回老家去。 作 discuss 等词的宾语时。例如：Eg: We discus
5、sed whether we should close the shop我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。2宾语从句的语序宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义，一律用陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。例如：Are you a student? He asksHe asks if you are a student他问你是否是学生。Where does he work? Do you know?Do you know where he works?你知道他在哪工作吗?3宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一致。具体情况如下表：主句时态 从句时态 例句一
6、般现在时根据实际情况而定I hear that he went to Beihai yesterday 我听说他昨天去北海了。一般过去时过去的某种 时态He said his father would take him to Shanghai他说他爸爸 将带他去上海。一般过去时或其他时态客观事实或真理只用一般现在时 表示My father told me that the sunrises in the east爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。(二)状语从句1时间状语从句时态：当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句或含有将来的意义时，由when，as soon as，tilluntil，before 引导的时
7、间状语从句用一般现在时。例如：Eg: As soon as he returns home，I ll let you know 他一回到家，我就告诉你。引导词：由 when，while，as，since，after，before，untiltill， as soon as 等连词引导。a)when，while 与 aswhen while as主、从句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生强调在某一时间内主、从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时问里发生强调主、从句的不同点 从句中的谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词 动作同时发生相同点意思均为“当时”例如：Fa
8、ther was waiting for me when I got home yesterday 昨天我到家时，爸爸正在等我。While we were having a meeting，my sister came in to ask for me正当我们开会时，我妹妹进来找我。She sang happily as she walked along the lake 她一边沿着湖边走，一边欢快地唱着歌。b)till 与 untiluntil till意思为“直到才” ，均可用于“.untiltill.”句型共同点 主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是瞬
9、间动词时，主句须用否定结构可用在句型“not until”中 不可用在句型“not till”不同点 正式用语，可放在句首 非正式用语，不可放在句首例如：I didnt go to bed untiltill he came back at ll oclock last night直到他昨晚 11 点回来我才睡觉。Please Wait here until I come back 请在这等，直到我回来。c)since 引导的从句，表示“自以来” ，从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点，要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作，通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“It ishasbeen.sinc
10、e+从句”中，从句用一般过去时，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。例如：It is ten years since she joined the army 她参军已有十年了。2条件状语从句条件状语从句由 if(如果)，as long as(只要)，unless(除非)等引导。如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时。例如：If it SNOWS tomorrow，we will have a day or two off如果明天下雪的话，我们将放假一两天。We wont go to his party unless he invites us如果他不邀请我们的话，我们就不去参
11、加他的晚会。if 的用法if 可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。其用法如下：宾语从句 条件状语从句引导词 if意思 是否 如果作用 作主句的宾语 作主句的状语主句 一般现在时或一般将 来时 一般将来时从句 根据从句实际情况而定 从句用一般现在时代替将来时态例句Im not sure if she will come我不能确定她是否会来。I will tell you if she comes如果她来了，我会告诉你。3结果状语从句结果状语从句由 so，so.that.，such.that.，so that 等引导。so.that.与 such.that.区别so+形容词副词+that 从
12、句so+muchlittle+不可数名词+thatso+manyfew+可数名词复数+thatso.that.so+形容词+aan+单数可数名词+thatsuch that such+aan+形容词+单数可数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词可数名词复数+that例如：It is so cold outside that nobody will go out to play 外面很冷，以至没有人愿意出去玩。He has so many books that I dont know which one I should borrow他有这么多书，我不知道该借哪一本。He is such
13、a good man that we all like himHe is so good a mall that we all like him他是一个大好人，我们都喜欢他。4原因状语从句原因状语从句由 because，as，since 等引导。如果是直接原因，通常用 because 引导；如果原因是人们已知的事实，用since 引导；如果原因和理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的，用 as 引导。由 since，as 引导的原因状语从句，一般位于主句之前。例如：Jim didnt go to school yesterday because he was ill吉姆昨天没去上学，因为他病了
14、。Since we are middle school students，we should listen to our teachers既然我们是中学生，我们就应该听老师的话。5目的状语从句目的状语从句由 so that，so，in order that 等引导。从句中常用can，could，may，might 等情态动词。例如：My father gets up early every day so that he can catch the first bus爸爸每天都起得很早，以便能赶上头班车。6让步状语从句让步状语从句由 although，though 等引导。意思为“虽然(尽管)但
15、是” ，要注意不能与 but 用在同一个句子中。例如：Although the doctor was tired，he went on working尽管这个医生很累了，但他还继续工作。7比较状语从句比较状语从句由 than，as.as，not so.as 等引导。例如：He is as tall as his father他和他爸爸一样高。8地点状语从句地点状语从句由 where，wherever 等引导。例如：Where there is a will，there is a way有志者事竟成。(三)定语从句1概论定语从句在复合句里起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为
16、先行词。基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有 who，whom，whose，which，that，when，where，why 等。2关系词的基本用法先行词 关系词 例句人 who，whom， that This is the man whothat took the photo 这就是拍这张照片的人。物 matt, whichThe train thatwhich has just left is for Beijing刚刚离开的那列火车是开往北京的。时间 whenWe ll never forget the days when we worked together
17、我们永远都不会忘记在一起工作的时光。地点 where This is the place where my grandparents lived 这就是我祖父母居住过的地方。语法专练：一、 单项选择（ ）1. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow. _ he comes, Ill tell you A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If （ ）2. I dont know _ the day after tomorrow. A. when does he come B. how will
18、 he come C. if he comes D. whether hell come （ ）3. Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is?A. what B. how C. whether D. where （ ）4. Could you tell me _ the radio without any help? A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended （ ）5. I want to know _.A. whom is she look
19、ing after B. whom she is looking C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after （ ）6. Do you know where _ now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live （ ）7. Do you know what time _?A. the train leave B. does the train leaveC. will the train leave D. the train leaves （ ）8. I dont
20、know _. Can you tell me, please?A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are （ ）9. The small children dont know _. A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in thei
21、r stockings （ ）10.I cant understand _. A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas means 二、按要求转换句型 1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子）Could you tell us _ Mr. Brown _ living in China? 2. “Does the girl need any he
22、lp?” he asked me.（变为复合句） He asked me _ the girl _ some help 3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子） _ Jim _Tom is a student. 4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）I want to know _ the train _.5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用notuntil 改写) They _ go home _ they had finished their homework 6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句) Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday.
