1、并列句、复合句和连词一连词概述连词是一种虚词，不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如 and, but, or, for 等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等 )和状语从句 (时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如 that, whether 等，引出状语从句的连词如 when, because, since, if 等。2并列句1.并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。2.常用的并列连词有如下
2、四种： 联合并列句 and（和；并且）I tried my best, and I caught up with him at last.转折并列句 but，yet（但是）It is raining hard, but I still go to school.选择并列句 or（或者，否则）Be careful, or you will hurt yourself.因果并列句 so，for （因此，所以）He was ill, so he went to see a doctor.He must be a good student, for he is always careful with
3、his lessons. 注意：and 常用于肯定句中，表肯定列举；or 常表示选择和否定的列举，常用于选择疑问句或否定句中。 3.常用的并列连词词组有 not only but also , either or , neither nor , not but , both and , 等等。例如：Not only one but also all of us were invited. Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. N
4、ot couldnt they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 练习1.It was so late, _ the farmers went to working in the field.A. and B. or C. so D. but2 I didnt know anything about it_ my father told me.A. until B. because C. if D. after3 Its very nice _you to give me the chance.A. of B. for C. to D
5、. at4 The sports meet will continue_ it rains this afternoon.A. if B. since C. as soon as D. unless5.Study hard, _you are sure to have a good result in the exam.A. or B. and C. for D. But状语从句 在复合句中充当时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等状语成分的从句通称为状语从句。（1） 时间状语从句 时间状语从句通常由 since, when, after, as, while, till/until, befo
6、re, by, during 等时间连词引导。例如：Tom was playing computer games when his mother found him. I ll wait you till /until you come to see me.Ill didnt go until I finished my homework.（2）地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever 引导。例如： I found my wallet where I walked. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. （3）方式状语从句 方式
7、状语从句通常由 as, （just） asso, as if, as though 引导。例如： As water is to fish, so air is to man. 注意：as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛似的“ ，“好像似的“。例如： They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。 ） It looks as if
8、the weather may pick up very soon. （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。 ） （4）目的状语从句 表示目的的状语从句可以由 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case 等词引导。如： Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. He must get up early so that he can catch the bus.（5）原因状语从句 原因状语从句一般由 because, since, as 和 for 引导。because 语势最强，用
9、来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用 as 或 since。由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。例如： I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be i
10、ll, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 （6）结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由 sothat 或 suchthat 引导。sothat 与 suchthat 之间可以转换。例如： So +形容词、副词+thatSo+形容词+a/an+单数名词+thatSuch+a/an+形容词+单数名词 +thatSuch+形容词+复数名词+thatSuch+形容词+不可数名词+thate.g.He is so young a boy that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go t
11、o school （7）条件状语从句 条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。unless = if not. 例如： If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. You will be late unless you leave immediately. （8）让步状语从句 though, although 引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有 but，但是 though 和 yet 可连用。例如： Alth
12、ough its raining, they are still working in the field. He is very old, but he still works very hard. ever if, even though 即使。例如： Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。 whetheror 不管都。例如： Whether you believe it or not, it is true. “no matter +疑问词“ 或“ 疑问词+后缀 ever“ 。例如： No matt
13、er what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。 no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however宾语从句连接词 举例That 引导宾语从句时无意义，不作任何成分，口语中一般可以省略.I think (that)
14、 you should turn to the teacher for help.it / whether 引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义“是否” 。If /whether 不能省略.I dont know if / whether he still lives here after so many years.who, whom , what , which , whose, whoever 等连接代词，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等Do you know who has won the game?He wanted to know what the manager ha
15、d said at the meeting.When,where,why,how 等连接副词在从句中作状语The police asked me how the accident happened.None of us knows where these new accessories (零件 ) can be bought.宾语从句中需要注意的问题.1.主句和从句时态一致的问题。1)如果主句是现在的某种时态，那么从句的时态可以根据实际情况而定。如：I remember he gave me a book yesterday.He has told me that hell leave for
16、 New York.2)如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句也要用过去的某种时态。如果从句表示的是客观事实,即使主句是过去式也要用一般现在时态 .如：He told me that he would take part in the high jump.The teacher told us that the whale is not fish.2.宾语从句的语序- 陈述句语序Whats Kates address? Do you know?=Do you know what Kates address is?3.宾语从句连接词1)连接词 that 在以下情况不能省略。a.当宾语从句主语是 th
17、at 时。b.当宾语从句中含有主从句时。如：Im afraid that if you have lost it, you must pay for it.c.两个或多个宾语从句由并列词连接时，除第一个可以省略外其余都不能省。如：He said (that) the film was interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.2)当从句是一般疑问句，连词要用 if、whether。但是，当从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词用原来的词。如：Are you from Japan? He asked me=He asked me if/wheth
18、er I was from Japan.When did he leave for London? Could you tell me?=Could you tell me when he left for London?（4）宾语从句的否定转移：主句谓语动词是 think , believe , imagine , suppose, consider, expect, fancy , guess 等，主语是第一人称且一般现在时时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。其反意疑问句的主语与从句的主语保持一致。如：I dont think theyll stick out to the last mi
19、nute.I dont suppose its his fault, is it ?课堂练习1.She is very dear to us. We have been ready to do _ it takes to save her life.A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever2.At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see_ it would get any better.A.when B.how c.why D.if3.Cou
20、ld I speak to_ is in charge of International Sales please?Awho B.what C.whoever D.whatever定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。分为关系代词(that, who,whom,which)和关系副词（where， when， why） 。关系词 作用 先行词 例句That,who, whom 主语、宾语、表语 人 Do you know the girl who/that is reading under the tree?That, wh
21、ich 主语、宾语、表语 物、时间、地点、原因She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.whose 定语 人、物 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.The room whose window is open is mine.when 状语 时间 I still remember the day when you left for Beingjing.where 状语 地点 This is the school where my mother works.w
22、hy 状语 原因 Could you explain the reason why you were late?定语从句注意事项：1.that 和 which 都可以指物，可是下列情况下只能用 that.（1）当先行词是不定代词 all , much ,little , something , anything , none , the one 时Eg: It is better than anything that we have ever seen .(2) 当先行词被 the only , the very, the last ,only, no 修饰时Eg: This is the v
23、ery book that I am looking for .(3) 当先行词的前面有形容 词最高级修饰时或有序数词修饰时Eg: This is the best way that has been has been used against pollution .It is the first dog that he gave to me .(4) 当先行词既有人又有物时 Eg: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about .(5) 当主句的主语时疑问词 who 或 which 时 Eg: Who is th
24、e boy that won the gold medal ?2. 关系代词的使用1）关系代词代替先行词在定 语从句中做主语，宾语，表语，定语，因此定语从句不能再出现关系代词所代替的名词或代词。eg : The film that/which we saw it yesterday is interesting . ( )The film that/which we saw yesterday is interesting . ( )2）关系代词作主语时不能省略eg :The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 2,5
25、000 . 关系代词作介词宾语是不能省略。e.gThe woman that she talked with is her teacherIll never forget the day on which I joined the army.关系代词作表语时可以省略e.g She is not the girl that/she was . 他不在是从前的那个女孩了。3）定语从句中的谓语动词用 单数还是复数形式应与先行词保持一致1 one of + 复数名词+关 系代词+复数谓语动词eg: The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings
26、that draw lots of visitors .2 the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+ 单数谓语动词eg: The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon .注意:not the only one of = one of +复数名词+关系代词+ 复数谓语动词Eg: Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam = Tom is one of the boys who h
27、ave passed the exam .课堂练习：_have finished the work can leave.A.Those who B.Anyone C.The one who D.Someone-Do you know the man_came here yesterday?_Yes,he brought me the most interesting book_I had wanted to buy.A.who;which B.who;that C.whom;which D.what;thatThere are many works of art in the museum_we will visit tomorrow.A.where B.who C.which D.whatI love people _are friendly to others.A.which B. who c.what D.whom
