1、大学英语四级阅读,王 颖,目 录,1.阅读应试理论 2.阅读技巧,阅读理解要求,考生应能够综合运用英语语言知识和基本阅读技能，读懂难度适中的一般性题材（经济、社会、政法、历史、科普、管理等）和体裁（议论文、说明文、应用文等）的英语文章。能够基本上掌握文章大意并能领会作者的意图和态度。阅读速度达到每分钟6070个词。具体要求为： 1. 能够掌握文章的中心思想、主要内容和细节； 2. 具备根据上下文把握词义的能力；理解上下文的逻辑关系； 3. 能够根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论； 4. 能够对文章的结构和作者的态度等作出简单的分析和判断。,阅读应试理论,一、分析文章结构 一般来说，我们阅读文章的
2、目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点就会各异。因此，我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构，以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。 大学英语四级考试中的阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类：叙述文、说明文和议论文。,1、叙述文,叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以四级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是： 1) 用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题) 2) 叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现 3) 叙述接下来的经历(举
3、例2)及其感悟或发现 4) 做出总结或结论,2、说明文(描述文),说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)- (专家)发现直接原因- 分析深层原因-得出结论或找到出路。 知道了类似的文章结构特点，就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如，我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型，就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因，还有可能要出现推断题。,3、议论文,我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张-反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。议论文的这种结构特点决定了它
4、的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点，解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案，基本上不存在任何困难。,通过研究以上的文章结构特点，我们不难发现，在四级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式：提出话题(观点或事例)- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)-得出结论。对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾，分清观点和事例，从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位，快速答题。,二、把握行文脉络,境界较高的阅读是把注意力集中在作者的思想上，而不是在个别零碎“单词”上。比如读到but的时候，应当能“预见”到下一句意思与上一句相反。能够
5、捉住作者行文的思路，这样就能把握全文的脉络。 首先要根据文中的结构词把握文章的脉络。文章按结构可分为顺承式文章和转折式文章。 顺承式结构指的是前后两个部分之间内容相近，相辅相成，通常由下列连接词连接：similarly，first，second，because，thus等等。 转折式结构一般指两个部分之间内容相反，相互对立。通常由下列转折词连接：however，yet，but，while，nevertheless等等。 区分文章是属于转折式还是顺承式，主要看文中是否有转折词。没有转折词则为顺承式结构，有转折词则为转折式结构。只要看到转折词，就可断定前后两部分的内容是相反的。,三、 巧妙绕开生词
6、,我们这里所说的巧妙绕开生词的方法和上面分析文章结构特点的思路是统一的，也就是说，只要我们从总体上把握了文章，不用认识每一个单词也能照样理解整篇文章。 1、英语文章中不是所有的词的功能都是同等的，有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能，而有些词主要起语法作用或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息没有联系。这类词有：表示人名，地名，机构名等专有名词。遇到这些词，只要我们能辨认出它是专有名词，就能理解文章而不必知道它的意思。,“In fact”, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of
7、Medicine, “theres even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep.” “ We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,“ says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.,2、我们不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是，它们的后面往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。这就引起了我们不用弄懂所有单词意思的第二个理由。也就是说如果我们对文章中的某一个单词不熟悉，我
8、们还可以根据统一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断。这类信息有：同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都表示解释和说明)等。,四、 抓住句子主干,我们要实现快速准确理解文章除了要抓住关键句子外，还要抓住句子当中的关键成分。主要是句子的主干，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂它都是辅助成分。比如在下面的句子中：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童),I found , is a society that values excellence in a ce
9、rtain field and is able nurture talent. 只要我们抓住了Element is society.就可以得知社会是神童出现的一个因素。 要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。,五、解题顺序,作阅读理解题的解题顺序通常有这样几种： 三部曲式：先读文章再做题目拿不准的再回头读文章 此为传统方法，命中率高，速度慢，效率自然就低。 抓重点式：先读题目，划出考点关键词;再带着问题读文章，根据考点关键词进行定位，查找解题信息。 感觉式：不读文章只做题目。实际上是“狗急跳墙”
10、的做法。可是若熟练掌握解的特征，其命中率不一定非常低，我们做过试验，学生掌握解的特征后，令其只做题目不看文章，结合生活常识和其他知识进行判断，平均命中率在40%左右，远高于25%的理论值。有的天才学生甚至达到60%左右的命中率。,六、四级阅读题型,细节题 （70%） 观点态度题 主旨题 推理题 词汇题（语意题）,四级阅读理解技巧-细节性问题,细节性问题是关于Supporting Details类的问题，通过Skimming找出主题后，应进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主要事实，或按要求找出特定细节。 在回答此类问题时，应采用查读法（Scanning），因为这些具体内容（Detai1s是用来说明、论证
11、或分析文章中心的。这类题目常以“WH-”形式来提问，如who， what， when， where， why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看准题目，看清问题所问；,然后，在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语；最后，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定答案。 当然，这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字计算，如问时间、距离、次数、数量等，认真计算后方可选定正确答案；有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻视文中相应部分，最后在题中选出肯定答案；还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类
12、知识的主观了解和认识做出想像判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。,考题类型,1 General questions - main ideas 2 Specific questions - specific information 3 True/False statements 4 Inference/implications 5 Vocabulary 6 Tone of the article,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：,(1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?
13、 (2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? (3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? (4) The author mentions all of the following except . . . (5) The reason for . . .is . . . (6) The author states that . . . (7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who,
14、 etc. ) .,According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be _. A) a technical failure B) a technical wonder C) a good life-saver D) an effective means to treat heart disease,The new models of artificial hearts are expected_. A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 years B) to be set
15、fully in the patients chest C) to be equipped with an external power source D) to create a new passage for infection,Example,Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his disea
16、sed heart for metal-and-plastic pump -convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadnt. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U. S. Food and Drug
17、Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval , effectively banning ( 禁止 ) the device .,The recall may hurt Symbion Inc. , maker of the Jarvik-7 , but it wont end the request for an artificial heart.
18、One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patients chest. The first sample products arent expected for another 10
19、 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they11 work- and that Americas overextended healthcare programs will lose a precious $ 2.5 billion to $ 5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures( 开支)cut into funding for more basic care , the net
20、 effect could actually be a decline in the nations health.,本题是考核学生根据止下文全面理解和进行正确判断的能力，问的是本文论述的Jarvik-7人造心脏性能和效果到底如何。文章一开头说Jarvik-7是一大技术成就，但文章说到：the .U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them (Line -7-9).后面又提到：Last week the agency
21、canceled its earlier approval , effectively banning the device.这两句话提供了这个问题的答案。,本题是考核正确理解事实细节的能力。选项已的意思与文章中第二段第三句，即“Inventors are now workingin the patients chest”的意思符合，因此选项B)是答案。,四级阅读理解技巧-态度问题,一、态度题表现形式 态度题一般提问方式是： (1)Whats the writers attitude to?(2)Whats the tone of the passage?(3)The authors view
22、 is _(4)The writers attitude of this passage is apparently _(5)The author suggests that _(6)According to author _,二、态度题解题方法,从原则上来讲，态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法，也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度，但是从历年考法来看，四级阅读更加注重考查文章中心话题。所以，态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。,2003年6月,Its no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with a
23、doptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. 题目：The authors attitude towards the judges ruling could be described as_. A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive 全文首句可以体现文章讨论的中心话题，它明确道出了作者的观点：有时小孩与养父母在一起比与亲生父母在一起更好。而原文中judges ruling的结果就是把小孩判给了养父，所以作者一定会持支持态度，故选D。,三、态度题注意点,（1）
24、positive（积极的） （2）negative（消极的） （3）neutral（中立的） （4） critical（批评的） （5）approval（赞成的） （6）disapproval（不赞成的） （8）sarcastic（讽刺的） （7）indifferent（漠不关心的） （9）optimistic（乐观的） （10）pessimistic（悲观的） （11）concerned （关心的）（12）compromise （折中的）从以前四级考试的情况来看，作者的态度一般是或褒或贬，或乐观或担忧，中性评价为正确答案的较少。,Example,I am not so naive, howe
25、ver, as to believe that sex is responsible for this unfortunate situation of the American woman. I am not a feminist , but I am an individualist. I do not believe there is any important difference between men and women. certainly not as much as there may be between one woman and another or one man a
26、nd another. There are plenty of women and men, for that matter who would be completely fulfilled in being allowed to be as lazy as possible. If someone will ensconce them in a pleasant home and pay their bills, they ask no more of life. It is quite all right for these men and women to live thus so l
27、ong as fools can be found who will pay so much for nothing much in return. Gigolos , male and female, are to be found in every class and in the best of homes. But when a man does not want to be a gigolo, he has the freedom to go out and work and create as well as he can. But a woman has not. Even if
28、 her individual husband lets her, tradition in society is against her.,In this passage the author looks on the situation of women with an attitude of .A) amusementB) indifferenceC) disapprovalC) condemnation此篇文章中，作者对待这一问题的态度十分明确、强硬（如用语I am not等等 ），因此只参在选项C）和D）中选择。而从文章中的“gigolos“,fools等词可看出作者不仅不赞成而且态
29、度更甚。所以，选项C）程度还不够，这一题的正确答案是D）.,四级阅读理解技巧-主旨问题,一、主旨题表现形式四级阅读中，主旨题主要可以表现为“Whats the best title for this passage”；“What is the main idea of the passage”；“The authors purpose of writing this passage is to _”。当然，这些提问方式可以有很多微小的变化，比如问“The passage is mainly about_”等等。,二、主旨题解题方法,从理论上来讲，主旨题是四级各类题型中要求最高的，因为它要求考生
30、看完文章后，能对文章的大概框架作一个宏观把握，从而解答后面的题目。但是把握文章框架对很多考生来说，是不能做到的。庆幸的是，一般的四级文章，都可以找到文章主题句，或者是可以体现文章主题的句子或单词。文章主题一般在前两段出现，所以考生要比较关注前两段结论性的语言。四级阅读在全文首句出现文章主题的情况比较多见。另外，第一段转折性的语言，通常也能体现作者的观点偏好。,三、主旨题注意点,如果是考文章主题，那么正确答案一定具有概括性和结论性，细节性的选项肯定是错的。如2005年考题： What is the authors purpose in writing this article? A） To ju
31、stify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. B） To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. C） To support the statement made by York Onnen. D） To show the most effective way to lose weight.,一看这四个选项，就可以发现A和C里面包含十分具体信息“the Boston University Medical Center”和“York Onnen”，是利用原文中的具体
32、话题，某个细节内容而设计的干扰选项。值得注意的是很多干扰选项还以“以偏概全”的形式出现的，所以分析时要注意正确答案概括的全面性。而利用扩大主题的范围来设计干扰选项的方式，在四级中相对较少。为了说明主题，为了论证，作者会引用一些人讲的话，而这些观点也很可能被考到。,Decision thinking is not unlike poker- it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The menta
33、l process is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.,The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games of “perfect information”, games like ch
34、ess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks; they dont win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.,One mistaken idea about busi
35、ness is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quit the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors which would even puzzle best poker play
36、ers. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.,The subject discussed in this text is _ a. the process of reaching decision b. the difference between poker and chess c. the secret of mak
37、ing good business plans d. the value of information in winning games 答案A,When we say that Cambridge us a university town, we dont mean just that it is a town with a university in it. Manchester and Milan have universities, but we dont call them university towns. A university town is one where there
38、is no clear separation between the university buildings and the rest of the city. The university is not just one part of the town; it is all over the town. The heart of Cambridge has its shops, pubs (小酒馆), marketplace and so on, but most of it is universitycolleges, faculties(各系部), libraries, clubs
39、and other places for university staff(教职员工) and students. Students fill the shops, cafes, bands, and churches, making these as well part, of the university.,The town was there first. Two Roman roads crossed there, and there are signs of building before Roman times (earlier than A.D. 43). Cambridge b
40、ecame a center of learning, and the authority（权威) of the head of the university was recognized by the king in 1226.,With about 8,250 undergraduates and over 2,000 postgraduates, the city is a busy place in “full turn” (全体学生在校上课时). Undergraduates are not allowed to keep cars in Cambridge, so nearly a
41、ll of them use bicycles. Dont try to drive through Cambridge during the five minutes between lectures. Your bicycle must go through a boiling sea of other bicycles hurrying in all directions. If you are in Cambridge at five minutes to the hour any morning of full term , you know that you are in a un
42、iversity town.,What is the title of the passage? A Cambridge - A University Town B Cambridge -A Centre of learning C Cambridge with Many Students D Cambridge with a Long History 答案A,四级阅读理解技巧-推理问题,关于推理性问题（Inference）推理性问题与细节性问题相似，也是对文章具体内容的判断。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出更深层含义，这部分往往
43、出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。推理题提问的方式有很多，比如suggest，imply，indicate，conclude，infer等。然而，suggest，imply和indicate这些单词提问，这个题目往往按照细节题的方法来处理即可，真正难把握的是conclude和infer两个单词，这也是四级阅读推理题经常用来提问的方式。,(1)The writer implies but not directly states that_-. (2) It can be inferred from the passage that_. (3) The
44、 author strongly suggests that_ . (4) It can be concluded from the passage that_. (5) The passage is intended to_ . (6)The writer indicates that_ .,Example Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we were to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and d
45、octors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example.At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health ac-count that covers everything from his medical history to his emotion-al state. Then she writes a care
46、plan centered on the patients illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.,The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatmen
47、t , it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized ( 分散的 )nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. Th
48、ere are nurse managers instead of head nurses, in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each units nurse decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.,Beth Israels nurse-in-chief ranks as a
49、n equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.,It can be inferred from the passage that_.A）compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient . B)in most hospitals nurses get low salaries C）in most hospitals nurses get low salaries D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hour at Beth Israel Hospital,
