1、Community-oriented landscape design for sustainability in architecture and planningAbstract: Sustainable design has a lot to do with society, economy and environments principles, and these elements should be considered in design process. Social aspects of sustainability, is in need of community part
2、icipation. Participation in the design process especially in landscape architecture and design is one of the most important factors which are emphasized in recent years and new theories.The paper is to propose a systematic guideline to find community needs and demands in order to develop a community
3、-oriented landscape design. This model developed to meet sustainability in architecture and planning, which is examined in case of Iran, Tehran, Majid-Abad Park.Keywords: community-oriented; landscape design; sustainable design;customers needs; customer satisfaction; majid-abad park。1. INTRODUCTIONT
4、he urban outdoor spaces have exceptional environmental importance with regard to their contribution to the reduction of various types of pollution and to the improvement of microclimatic conditions. Furthermore, urban open spaces make positive contributions to human health and well being and they le
5、ad to an important contribution to human thermal comfort in exterior spaces 1. Beside aesthetic, psychological and health benefits, natural features in cities can have other social benefits 2. Aspects such as “amount of public green spaces per inhabitant”, “public parks” and “recreation areas” are o
6、ften mentioned as important factors to make the city liveable, pleasant and attractive for its citizens. It is strongly believed that developing more sustainable cities is not just about improving the abiotic and biotic aspects of urban life, it is also about the social aspects of city life, that is
7、among othersabout peoples satisfaction, experiences and perceptions of the quality of their everyday environments 3. So a good strategy for a sustainable landscape development should not only focus on sustaining the physicallandscape resources, but it should also and perhaps most of all guarantee th
8、at the residents can participate in the landscape development 4. Sustainability indicators for urban development should include more parameters about public spaces and green open areas, as well as indexes reflecting citizens satisfaction and perception of their living environments 3. This paper dire
9、ct to the importance of urban parks for the well being of the citizens and for the sustainability of the city they live in.2. Literature Review2.1. Community and Advantages of ParticipationConcepts such as community and community participation have been intensively problematized in recent decades in
10、 both developed and developing countries. Contexts are indeed different and varied 5. The word community is an umbrella term that is defined and applied in a myriad of ways 6.Citizen participation is, however, a lot more than just consulting people for the successful resolution of social, cultural a
11、nd economic issues related to environmental conflicts. The primary goal of participation is to give proper responsibility to people for, and control over, their lives 7. The importance of community participation has been emphasized in the 5th Development Plan of Islamic Republic of Iran that highlig
12、hted the necessity community-oriented approaches, especially in landscape architecture.2.2. Participation in Process Design2.2.1. Process DesignTo produce an object-design and, as far as necessary, a realization design, one may want to design the design process itself. However, as in the realization
13、 process, in many cases already some kind of design process may be in place. Experienced individual architectural or engineering designers, or small teams of them, tend to use informal procedures for their design processes, which they have developed over timethrough their initial professional traini
14、ng and through subsequent experimenting and learningProfessionalization of process design has progressed much less than in object and realization design. As we will see this may be related to the fact that in object and realization design one designs respectively material objects and processes with
15、strong material elements, while in process design onedesigns human action systems, which are of a fundamentally different nature 8.2.2.2. Importance of Users Participation in Process DesignArmstrong (1993) observed that the individual has a natural claim to participate in decision making related to
16、his/her situation with both psychological and social needs to feel control over his or her own life conditions. He explains that decisions become better when the persons who are affected become a part of the decision making process 9. if one longs for decision making and esteems the design of expert
17、 and participative technical solutions over those designed through , object and realization design, the technical/ participative approach is likely to be used. Main stages of the design process can comes into account a general decide model Identify, design, selection, implementation and evaluation o
18、f environment are the main stages of the design process, see figure 1.Fig. 1. General model for designing practical procedure2.3. Quality Function Deployment2.3.1. The Process of QFDQuality function deployment (QFD) is an overall concept that provides a means of translating customer requirements int
19、o the appropriate technical requirements for each stage of product development and production 10. In the 1960s, Quality Control and Quality Improvement had a distinctively manufacturing flavor in Japan. . . . In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Joji Yoji Akao and others went to work on improving the
20、design process so that when the new product was introduced to manufacturing, it was high quality from the beginning. The process for improving design was called Quality Function Deployment (QFD). From 1975 to 1995, this tool/process was integrated with other improvement tools to generate a mosaic of
21、 opportunities for product developers 11. Since its initial development in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s, especially since its rapidly spreading to the US in the 1980s and later to many industries in many nations, a vast literature on QFD has evolved. To suit the different needs of QFD res
22、earchers and practitioners, its literature needs categorizing and reviewing. This is a meaningful but difficult work that seems having not been done yet12.2.3.2. QFD Applications in Process Design Literature ReviewThere is no definite boundary for QFDs potential fields of applications And the intere
23、sts in QFD applications in process design are growing slowly. Various applications within the literature can be grouped under three categories as: QFD implementations before the design process; QFD implementations during the design process and QFD implementations after the design process.2.3.3. QFD
24、Implementations before the Design ProcessQFD was originally proposed, through collecting and analyzing the voice of the customer, to develop products with higher quality to meet or surpass customers needs. Thus, the primary functions of QFD are product development, quality management, and customer n
25、eeds analysis. Quality management and product development are achieved in QFD through customer needs analysis that, in fact, is always the very first step of a QFD process and is thus an important functional field of QFD 13.2.3.4. QFD Implementation during the Design ProcessQFD is not a design techn
26、ique. It is a method from design process to satisfy the customer. It is to guide the design process and to transform customer requirements into design objectives. It is applied to evaluate design solutions or outputs from the creative process of design.2.3.5. QFD implementations after the design pro
27、cessQFD is a pro-active customer-driven planning process so that problems could be found and solved at the very beginning of the product development and fewer people have to deal with the problems at the later stages 14.3. Inference Mechanism3.1. Research ToolsQFD offers a rationalized approach to c
28、ustomer satisfactions and seems complex and mathematical with too many data. For some landscape design, its not easy to define the average customer, and also customers may not know all possibilities. In the first part of present study, the design team prepared the engineering characteristics that wo
29、uld enable a set of predefined customer needs regarding the comfort and improving product performance. Next, the design team used the House of Quality to establish the mutual relations between the customer needs and the engineering characteristics.3.2. Research Question and Research MethodHow a cust
30、omer-oriented approach toward landscape design may be established? Qualitative Research Method is adopted in this paper which being supported by depth interview technique with questionnaire15.4. Case Study: QFD application in A Customer-Oriented Approach Toward Landscape Design4.1. Police ParkThe ca
31、se study covers a QFD exercise carried out by research team of landscape architecture students of Tarbiat Modares University in the case of Iran, Tehran, Police Park. Police Park is located in the region called the Garden of Majid Abad in the North East area of Tehran and total area is about 42 hect
32、ares. Since its completion in 2003, it has become the most popular park in the city. This park split to northern and southern section by Street. We will remember to North Majid-Abad Park and South Majid-Abad Park in this paper. The purpose of this research is employing qualitative techniques to deve
33、lop performance quality in neighborhood parks design. In this regard, North Majid-Abad Park has been selected as samples and South Majid-Abad Park as rival Park in computing and data collection in the field is considered, Figure 2.Fig. 2. North Majid-Abad Park and South Majid-Abad Park4.2. Construct
34、ing the HOQ MatrixA difficult and demanding part of the systems engineering process is definition of the problem and identification of the needs to the system. QFD is related to systems engineering in terms of facilitating specification of stakeholders wants and needs to the system at each stage fro
35、m research and product development to engineering and manufacturing, to marketing and distribution. QFD is a method that structures system planning and development, and enables the development team to assess the proposed system systematically in terms of how it meets the needs and requirements 16. A
36、s stated before, the first step in the application is to identify the expectations of park users. To achieve this purpose, Several methods can be used to establish customers expectations: survey, interviews; questionnaires; observation, etc. A pilot questionnaire survey was made based on literature
37、review and observation, and it was given to 36 park users. The final survey questionnaire was modified based on the pilot study. Results of customer surveys, interviews with park users have constituted the entries of HOQ. The determined customer requirements are presented in five major factors in Ta
38、ble 1.Access and connection: Customers expect to easily communicate with their desired location have physical and visual. Safety: feeling of security and having a good mental image of the environment. Health: To minimize air pollution, sound pollution and. Sociability: the citizens are able to place
39、 and person should own Vitality: the concept of allowing the survival of human biological and sociologicalTable 1. Voice of customers section of HOQ The technical specifications corresponding to each voice of customer have been identified in the next step. Technical specifications reflect the soluti
40、ons selected by the research team to supply the customers and translate the quality functions to design features. The technical specifications should be measurable and quantitative to allow them to be compared with objectives. Technical specifications, which have been identified as a result of brain
41、 storming sessions consist of Quality Function Development team consists of a number of landscape design students, are listed in Table2.Table 2. Technical measures section of HOQ The process of QFD involves many steps of one or more interlinked matrix to follow, of which the first is called House of
42、 Quality (HOQ). In this phase, customer requirements are identified (whats) and then the requirements are transformed into technical responses or specifications (hows). The HOQ displays the Voice of the Customer along the left, and the development teams technical specifications to the user needs req
43、uirements along the top, shown in Figure 4. Based on the weights assigned to the (whats), which are placed to the right in the matrix, the amount of impact each how has on achieving each what are given priorities written at the bottom of the HOQ. The prioritizing of park users requirements is shown
44、in the rate importance column in the table, where the values 1-9 may be defined as 1 being least important and 9 of highest importance. The rate of importance and the corresponding explanation derived from the survey. In order to fill the relationship section of the HOQ matrix, the relationships bet
45、ween park user requirements and technical specifications have to be specified by the research team. This step is essential to understand the cooperation of each technical specifications in customer satisfaction to see how the technical specifications are helpful to satisfy each customer prospect. Th
46、e design team estimated the strength of the relationship (9 : strong relationship, 3 : moderate relationship, 1 : weak relationship, or 0 : no relationship) between each customer requirements and each technical specifications are shown in Table 3.Table 3. Scoring scaleThe resulting matrix are shown
47、in Figure 3. The first column, right column after assessment competitors, is called the Goals column. The results of the research team survey ranged from 1 to 5 record in this column. For instance, number 4 in the second row shows designer should plan on connecting directions to assess customer numb
48、er 3 to number 4 will close. The goals have been set by considering the best alternative for each customer expectation as compared to major rivals. Improvement Ratios for each customer requirements, which are found by dividing the Goal to the current performance, are calculated. For instance, Having
49、 connections to both directions has an initial importance level of 4. The performance of North Majid-Abad Park in satisfying this need is given a score of 3 whereas the competitors have a corresponding performance score of 4. Thus, the target performance is decided to be 4 and the Improvement Ratio is found by dividing the Goal (4) to the current performance (3). The Improvement Ratio is calculated as 1.33. For Rows the current performance and the Goal are equal, the Improvement Ratios is n
