1、1,HUMAN ANATOMY,Lecturer: Dr. Jianhua Zhang,Hunan University of Arts and Sciences,2,Myofibril (肌原纤维)+核+横小管+肌质网+膜,Myofilaments (肌丝),A muscle fiber 肌纤维,Myosin(肌球蛋白),Actin (肌动蛋白) Troponin (肌钙蛋白) Tropomyosin (原肌球蛋白),Thin filaments(细肌丝),Thick filaments (粗肌丝),Question: What are the structure of the muscul
2、ar fibers?,3,1.The General Description. 2.The Reference Lines and Regions of the Abdomen.,Part II Splanchnology,Content,4, The general description, The definition,Splanchnology is the science that deals with the study of morphology and structures of the visceral(内脏的) organs.,Synonym,Splanchnology：内脏
3、学 Viscera：内脏,5,Viscera includes the following groups,Viscera,4 SystemsOther structures,Alimentary system Respiratory system Urinary system Genital system Endocrine system,Pleura 胸膜 Peritoneum 腹膜 Perineum 会阴,6, Perineum 会阴,广义会阴：是指盆膈以下封闭骨盆下口的全部软组织。包括尿生殖区和肛区。,耻骨联合下缘,尾骨尖,坐骨结节,尿生殖区,肛 区,The male perineum,
4、The female perineum,7,狭义会阴: 在男性系指阴囊根与肛门之间的部分。,阴囊,肛门,会阴,8,狭义会阴: 在女性系指阴道前庭后端与肛门之间的部分，又称产科会阴，分娩时注意保护。,胎头,大阴唇,胎头扩张时的会阴,9, The main functions of the viscera(内脏),Performing the metabolism.,Reproducing offspring.,Secreting some hormones to regualate some activities.,10, The general structure of the viscera
5、(内脏),According to their morphological characteristics, the visceral organs can be divided into two principal types:,The tubular organ The parenchymatous organ,Visceral organs,11,Tubular organ 中空性器官 Parenchymatous organ实质性器官,Tubular wall 管状壁 Tubular cavity 管状腔,Mucous layer 粘膜层 Submucosa 粘膜下层 Muscular
6、 layer 肌层 Serosa layer 外膜,实质：小叶状的结构与功能部分间质：分隔实质成小叶状,Viscera Types,12,Tubular Organ中空性器官,13,The tubular viscus (中空性器官),14,Parenchymatous Organ实质性器官,15,In order to observe and describe the relative locations and the arrangements of the internal organs, it is necessary to mark reference lines on the su
7、rface of the thorax and to subdivide the abdomen into regions., The reference lines and regions of the abdomen,16,Reference lines in the thorax Reference lines in the abdomen Reference lines in the back, The common used reference lines,There are more than 10 reference lines in the thorax and abdomin
8、al regions.,Reference lines,17,Median linesAxillary linesSternal linesHorizontal lineMidclavicular line锁骨中线 Scapular line肩胛线 Paravertebral line脊柱旁线,Anterior median line前正中线 Posterior median line后正中线,Anterior axillary line腋前线 Midaxillary line腋中线 Posterior axillary line腋后线,Lateral sternal line胸骨线 Para
9、sternal line胸骨旁线,Subcostal line肋下线 Transtubercular line齐髂结节线,Reference lines,18,The lateral sternal line 胸骨线 Vertical line just through the lateral border of the widest part of the sternum,The midclavicular line 锁骨中线 Vertical line through the midpoint of the clavicle.,The anterior median line 前正中线 V
10、ertical line through the median of the sternum,The parasternal line 胸骨旁线 Vertical line through the midway between the lateral sternal line and the midclavicular line.,19,The Reference Line of the Thorax (胸部标志线),Anterior median line,Sternal line,Parasternal line,Midclavicular line,20,21,The anterior
11、axillary line 腋前线 Vertical line through the anterior axillary fold(襞、褶).,The posterior axillary line 腋后线 Vertical line through the posterior axillary fold(襞、褶).,The midaxillary line 腋中线 Vertical line through the middle of the axilla(腋).,22,Anterior axillary line 腋前线,Middle axillary line腋中线,Posterior
12、 axillary line 腋后线,23,24,The scapular line 肩胛线 Vertical line through the inferior angle of the scapula.,The posterior midian line 后正中线 Vertical line through the spines(脊柱) of the thoracic vertebrae.,The scapular: skpjul a. 肩的,肩胛骨的,25, Posterior median line 后正中线, Scapular line 肩胛线,26,27, The regions
13、of the abdomen,Quadrant regions 四分法 Nine regions 九分法,There are two ways to divide the abdomen into regions.,Two ways,28,29,Quadrant regions 四分法,The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by the vertical and horizontal planes through the umbilicus(脐).,30,Umbilical region 脐区 Lateral region 腹外侧区 Pubic
14、region 耻区 Epigastric region 上腹部区 Hypochondriac region 季肋区 Inguinal (iliac) region 腹股沟区,Nine regions 九分法,The abdomen is divided into nine different regions by horizontal planes and vertical planes. Horizontal planes include the subcostal plane and transtubercular plane.,Nine abdomenal regions,通过两条水平线
15、和垂直线形成的面将腹部分为9个区。上水平线通过两侧肋弓最低点，下水平线通过两侧髂结节；两条垂直线分别通过锁骨中线和腹股沟中线。,31,Nine Regions in Abdomen,32,Nine Regions in Abdomen,33,The tubular organ The parenchymatous organ,Visceral organs, 复习 提问 总结,Question 1: How many visceral types?,34,Quadrant regions 四分法 Nine regions 九分法,Two wyas,Question 2: How many ways to divide the abdomen?,35,Exercise, Term explanation Median line, axillary line, lateral sternal line, mid-clavicular line. Briefly stating the ways to divide the abdominal regions.,36,谢谢聆听 学习愉快,,
