1、英文翻译 1外文原文出处：http/: Graham Green, Paul Kennedy, Alistair McGown/J.Eng. Technol. Manage. 19 (2002) 131140. Management of multi-method engineering design research: a case study. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK多方法工程管理设计研究:一个案例研究摘录：有一个需要研究的管理方法,将利用基于个别的研
2、究方法并结合一个多重方法的方法。一个普遍认同的观点，工程设计研究将是取得快速进展的主要问题。格拉斯哥大学的研究人员已经开发出一种概念上的管理方法，测试它在三个工程设计研究项目。本文描述的方法和结果，表明其有能力提出使严格的三角测量的研究结果通过不同的方法和不同研究项目形成一个有效的管理工具。2002 爱思唯尔的科学帐面价值保留所有权利。关键词：管理工具、研究方法、工程设计1 介绍随着国际竞争力的增加和技术进步，加上进一步地要求更高质量的产品和产品责任立法的存在要求从以下几个行业开始响应：加快新型科技的开拓减少设计中时间尺度提供第一次正确的设计生产更多创新产品提高产品与系统的可靠度在他们的努力下
3、，为了满足上述反应，工业和学术界已经将他们的研究工作投入到发展自动化地指导设计过程或至少部分的过程，同时提高质量的过程，以及它的输出。人们普遍认为在一个过程可以自动化的运作，就需要清楚地认识程序如何运作，它如何能改善，甚至它怎样能得到优化。许多研究人员，尤其是马泊思(1960)和黑尔斯(1987)，研究了工程设计程序在特定行业，在特定工业环境和提供了清晰的描述工程设计过程。因为环境的因素，所以还需要对这个工程设计实践继续进行研究，至少可以说，这个过程是动态。进一步的,有必要研究特定的活动在过程中运行，这是为了提供深度和广度的理解。例如在过去几年中某些工作已经完成了在提供基于计算机的工具来支持工
4、程和设计在概念阶段(亨尼西，1994；尤尔曼，1995；公证人等等,1993)。这些工具大部分是基于描述性研究，而不是设置规定性(艾尔索尔卡等等，1998)的概念设计。动态性质的工程设计过程和需要更多的详细知识设计活动，这会导致发展和采纳各种研究的技术和方法。仔细研究了设计师的行为，是希望能够暴露思维过程基础知识的活动，如认知、解决问题和创造性思维。在这个领域的工程设计研究，则需要接受雇佣一个强有力的研究方法，将利用有效的研究方法与个别方法结合时提供一个多重方法的方法。还有一个需要接受能够进行三角定位使结果不同的方法，能够在单独的一个研究项目或在一系列独立的项目中使用。一个严格方法的三角测量或
5、比较，其结果会是设计研究的一个重要的工具。事实上一个普遍认可的方法可能会更快速的在设计研究中通过使个体研究者在复制三角测量研究的进展中取得一致的意见5 结论本文认为这一案例管理工具支持采用一系列的方法，有助于研究活动和态度的工程设计。它强调需要一个方法，检查和比较各方法的发现,这就是所谓的“三角” 。这多方法研究战略在上下文通过分类归为以下几类:研究模式研究需要研究环境设计过程阶段和阶段活动这种程度的分类显示支持一个初始视图重叠的地方的各种研究项目，还将支持规划和管理未来的研究项目。提出了一种管理工具，在一个工程设计流程环境中启用三角测量的研究发现。目前该方法支持各级三角在设计阶段的使用，接下
6、来的发展将会调查三角之间的层级。我们的目标是建立一个有效的管理工具，支持需要研究人员得出一般与特定的关于自然的设计从一个大范围的工程设计研究数据的可靠结论。此外，这项工作还强调了需要对民族志研究和协议的清晰定义。研究方法 B 之间的分歧显然跨越两个和提供了第三种选择的“混合”民族志/协议的研究。按照设想，这里介绍的基本方法可以扩展到管理三角测量的数据资料，调查人员和产生的理论测试结果。未来的工作将寻求测试进一步和不断增长的一系列研究项目，使用一个光谱的研究方法生成所有阶段工程设计过程。英文原文 1Management of multi-method engineering design res
7、earch: a case studyGraham Green, Paul Kennedy, Alistair McGownDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UKAbstract:There is a need for a research management methodology that will utilise research methods on an individual basis and when combined in a multi-method
8、approach. An agreed methodology would enable rapid progress in achieving agreement on the main issues within engineering design research. Researchers at the University of Glasgow have developed a conceptual management methodology, testing it on three engineering design research projects. This paper
9、describes the methodology and presents results indicating its ability to enable rigorous triangulation of research results obtained via different methods and across different research projects forming the basis of an effective management tool. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords:
10、 Management tools; Research methods; Engineering design1. IntroductionIncreasing international competitiveness and technological advance, coupled with relentless demand for higher quality products and the existence of product liability legislation have demanded the following responses from industry:
11、 To exploit emerging technologies more rapidly. To reduce design time-scales. To provide right rst time design. To innovate more frequently and produce more innovative products. To improve the reliability of products and systems.In their efforts to meet the above responses industry and academe have
12、focused their research effort in developing ways to automate and guide the design process, or at least parts of the process, whilst improving the quality of the process along with its outputs.It is generally accepted that before a process can be automated it is necessary to have a clear understandin
13、g of how the process operates, how it may be improved and even how it may be optimised. Many researchers, notably Marples (1960) and Hales (1987), have researched the engineering design process as practised in specic industries and within specic industrial environments and have provided lucid descri
14、ptions of the engineering design process. There is of course a need to continue to undertake such studies since the environment within which engineering design is practised is, to say the least, dynamic.Further, there is a need to research the particular activities exercised within the process in or
15、der to provide depth as well as breadth of understanding. For example in the past few years some work has been done in providing computer-based tools to support engineering and design at the conceptual phase (Hennessey, 1994; Ullman, 1995; Scrivener et al., 1993).Most of these tools are based on des
16、criptive research rather than set prescriptive (Al-Salka et al., 1998) notions of design.The dynamic nature of the engineering design process and the need for more detailed knowledge of design activity has led to the adoption and development of various research techniques and methods. Close study of
17、 the designers actions will, it is hoped, lay bare the thought processes underlying intellectual activities such as cognition, problem solving and creative thinking.Within the eld of engineering design research there is therefore an accepted need to employ a robust research methodology that will uti
18、lise valid research methods both on an individual basis and when combined to provide a multi-method approach. There is also an accepted need to be able to triangulate the results obtained from different methods employed within an individual research project or over a range of separate projects. A ri
19、gorous method of triangulation, or comparison, of results is an essential tool for the design research community. Indeed a universally agreed methodology would perhaps enable more rapid progress in achieving agreement on themain issues within design research by enabling individual researchers to rep
20、licate triangulation studies.5. ConclusionThis paper argues the case for a management tool supporting the adoption of a range of methods to enable research into the activities and attitudes of engineering design. It emphasises the need for an approach that checks and compares the ndings from each me
21、thod, this is termed triangulation. This multi-method research strategy is also placed in context via classication against the following categories: Research methods Research needs Research environment Design process phase and phase activityThis level of classication is shown to permit an initial vi
22、ew of the areas of overlap of various research programmes and will also support planning and management of future research projects.A management tool is proposed to enable triangulation of research ndings within an engineering design process context. At present the method allows triangulation at var
23、ious levels within design phases; the next development will be to investigate triangulation between the hierarchical levels. The aim is to develop a valid management tool that supports the need for researchers to draw reliable general and specic conclusions about the nature of design from a wide spe
24、ctrum of engineering design research data. In addition, the work also highlights the need for clarity regarding the denition of ethnographic and protocol studies. The research method B clearly spans the divide between the two and offers a third option of a hybrid ethnographic/protocol study.It is en
25、visaged that the basic method presented here can and will be extended to manage the triangulation of data sources, investigators and resulting theory test results. Future work will seek to test the approach further with a growing range of research projects using a spectrum of research methods spanni
26、ng all phases of the engineering design process.英文翻译 2外文原文出处：http:/ Missbauer, W. Hauber / European Journal of Operational Research 171 (2006) 10051019. Bid calculation for construction projects: Regulations and incentive effects of unit price contracts. Available online 12 March 2005建设项目的投标计算：单价合同中
27、的条例计算和激励效应 1 问题描述非常精确的产品相关数据（材料清单，设置和处理时间）知识的重要性在于生产规划和控制难以被高估。估计操作的时间要求或材料消耗的错误导致不可靠的或歪曲的规划成果，并导致在随后的工作流程创建的困难。这个问题被证明了在高度个性化的产品的生产秩序中是特别重要的，因此，特别重视在制造过程中的技术规划，提供这些基本数据归属，以及完整的规划和管理的集成技术规划的工作流程，从生产规划和控制的初步成本后计算，尤其是对于这种生产类型，涉及到生产计划和控制生产过程中的技术规划一体化的缺点已经在文献中提到了完整的工作流程管理（见Zijm，2000年） 。 本文涉及建筑行业，它强烈反映了上
28、述特点：高度个性化的产品（例如，街道、桥梁）生产项目中的按订单生产。由于建设项目的性质，估计操作时间，材料消耗等个别项目的步骤，呈现了两个特点，这是中央对我们进一步的考虑： 在规划和招投标阶段的项目（其中客户端往往是一个公职） ，不仅是生产资源的一个项目相关的业务预期的要求不清楚，而且不确定性，甚至盛行有关影响这些要求的潜在因素。例如，如果一定数量的地壳运动是即将进行的，不仅是工作期间为给定体积的地球和相关的爆破岩体的不确定,但还没有特定的信息大约需要多少爆破。 关于消耗资源（在上述例子中，被炸开的岩石体积）的影响因素，各自的信息可以用于不同的客户端（例如，广告公职）和招标承包（建筑公司） ，
29、因此，再加上两个（潜在）的合同伙伴各自的估计不同意。由于这些估计影响产生的价格，因此我们必须承担项目兴趣不同客户端和投标承包商之间关于这个价格，每一方显然想要享受一个是否真实的信息优势或应该实现它的目标。 在这方面，分布不均匀的信息隐藏了信息的字符，而且机构的理论问题出现了：什么样的行为或怎样传入信息可以影响合同的潜在合作伙伴的行为，以优化自己经济目标的实现？我们将证明投标商在传递相关信息上是至关重要的，包括项目活动的费用或成本的组成部分以及这类费用。因此，该问题的规则可以帮助建立出价计算被传递给潜在客户，这就构成了一个管理决策问题,这个问题是本文的主题。 6 结论和研究方向 我们还可以得出这
30、样的结论：成本会计信息的使用不同于使用这些信息的结论。由于成本会计信息支持决策的信息只有一个例子，这方面远远超出了建筑业和一般专业的决策问题，本文分析：管理方法，提高决策的目的往往是通过决定定向声音的数据（事实、专家意见、计算等） 。这并没有什么异常的，这种做法导致的决策过程显示在做出决定之前，需要收集这些信息的决定标准。然而，这并不一定意味着预期的决定是标准的：从我们的例子中我们可以看到，旨在支持和改善决策的数据，可以打开一个“虚拟现实” ，只有证明一个预定的结果（在我们的例子中的买入价） ，但实际上的决定，而不是如预期反过来的结果。形式主义与相关信息的决定很可能只是对一些更实际（不可观察的
31、）决策模型在大量的资源消耗价格的限制。 通过一个程序与这里特征的描述,给定的数量的重要性和合理的决策，这是一个令人不安的洞察力。如果重要的决定是基于信息,是非常片面的,这从长远来看可能会破坏我们的制度规则的可信度。我们的例子显示,声音决策过程的模型是必需的，以便设计规则，尽可能多避免这种危险。英文原文 2Bid calculation for construction projects: Regulationsand incentive effects of unit price contractsHubert Missbauer a,*, Wolfgang Hauber ba Departm
32、ent of Production and Logistics Management, University of Innsbruck, Universita tsstrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austriab Management Tools Hauber, Denkstrasse 30, 4030 Linz, AustriaAvailable online 12 March 20051. Problem descriptionThe importance of adequately precise knowledge of product-related da
33、ta (bills of materials, setup and processing times) for production planning and control can hardly be overrated. Errors in estimating the time requirements of operations or in the consumption of materials lead to unreliable or distorted planning results and create difficulties in the subsequent work
34、flow. This problem proves to be particularly important in make-to-order manufacturing of highly customized products, so that particularly here great importance is vested in technical planning of the manufacturing process that provides these base data, as well as the integration of technical planning
35、 with the planning and administration of the complete workflowfrom preliminary costing to production planning and control to post calculation. Especially for this production type, shortcomings concerning the integration of technical planning of the manufacturing process into production planning and
36、control have been mentioned in the literature (see Zijm, 2000).This paper concerns the construction industry, which strongly reflects the above characteristics: Highly customized products (e.g., streets, bridges )are producedas projectsin a make-to-order manufacturing. Due to the nature of construct
37、ion projects, the estimation of operation times, material consumption, etc., for individual project steps exhibits two characteristics that are central to our further considerations: During the planning and bidding phase of a project (where the client is frequently a public office), not only are the
38、 anticipated requirements related to production resources for the operations of a project uncertain, but also uncertainty even prevails concerning the underlying factors that influence such requirements. For example, if a certain amount of earth movement is to be carried out, not only is the duratio
39、n of work for a given volume of earth and the associated blasting of rock mass uncertain, but also there is no certain information available about how much blasting will be required. With regard to the factors affecting the consumption of resources (in the above example, the volume of rock to be bla
40、sted), the respective information available can differ between the client(e.g., the advertising public office) and the bidding contractor (the construction company);consequently, also the respective estimates of the two (potential) contract partners need not agree. Since these estimates affect the r
41、esulting price for the project and since we must assume a divergence of interests between client and bidding contractor with respect to this price, each party obviously wants to enjoy an information edgewhether real or supposedin order to attain its goals. In this respect, the unequally distributed
42、information takes on the character of hidden information, and an agency-theoretical problem arises: What behavior or what passed-on information can affect the behavior of the potential contract partner such as to optimize the achievement of ones own economic goals? We will show that for the bidding
43、contractor the relevant information that is critical to pass on includes the costs of the project activities or the cost components that comprise these costs. Thus the question of what rules can help to set up the bid calculation to be passed on to the potential client constitutes a management decis
44、ion problem; this problem is the subject of this paper.6. Conclusions and research directionsWe can also conclude that the use of cost accounting information to improve decisions is different from the use of this information to justify decisions. Since cost accounting information is only one example
45、 of information that supports decision making, this aspect extends far beyond the construction industry and the very specialized decision problem analyzed in this paper: Management methods often aim at improving decisions by orienting the decisions to sound data (facts, expert opinions, calculations
46、, etc.). It is not unusual that this approach leads to standards for the decision making process that require collecting this information before the decision is made. However, this does not necessarily mean that the decisions are made as intended by the standards: As we can see from our case, the da
47、ta that are intended to support and improve decision making can turn to a virtual reality that only justifies a predetermined result (in our case the bid price), but in fact are the result of the decision and not the other way round as intended. It is possible that the formalism of linking relevant
48、information with the decision just imposes some more restrictions on the actual (not observable) decision modelat the price of substantial resource consumption.Given the number and importance of decisions that are made and justified by means of a procedure with the characteristics described here, th
49、is is a disturbing insight. If important decisions are said to be based on information that is well-known to be biased, this could undermine the credibility of our institutional rules in the long run. Our example shows that sound models of decision making processes are necessary in order to design rules that avoid this danger as much as possible.
