1、外文原文 2Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of sci
2、ence and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.
3、Key words: civil engineering； Architecture； Mechanics；MaterialsCivil engineering is building various projects collectively. It was meant to be and “military project“ corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belon
4、g to Engineering, because they all have Min Yong Xing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include w
5、ater conservancy project, port engineering, while in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering
6、facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them
7、 with “live“ relationship is directly. Because, to solve the “live“ problem， must build various types of buildings. To solve the “line, food and clothes“ problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. “Line“, must build railways, roads, Bridges, “Feed“, must be well drilling water, water conser
8、vancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable f
9、rom build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road
10、 engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. 1Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practical
11、ity, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of peoples life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production proce
12、ss, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, its like a mans life pla
13、nning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a persons bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilat
14、ion and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design en
15、gineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but ，is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of d
16、iscipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the workin
17、g condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect Xx 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译3and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage,
18、 but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While th
19、ese relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is t
20、he rocks and trees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and Sheltie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous develo
21、pment. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popula
22、r is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or n
23、ot have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building mat
24、erials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through “construction“ means. A construction project, including many jobs suc
25、h as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and constru
26、ction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site. whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction
27、in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance Chinas construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building w
28、eight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and th
29、e foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic ac
30、cording to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settleme
31、nt of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining water and relevant measures. 3As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people
32、to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes t
33、he skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in peoples in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most e
34、ffective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautiful enjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of r
35、ationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.Xx 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译5In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subject
36、s, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in peoples life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineeri
37、ng. In the near future, some major projects estimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the ocean Bridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Mari
38、ne development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market; especially the chemistry materia
39、ls will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. With the development of the theory and new materials, the em
40、ergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even thousands of thousands of lines to building each place structur
41、e clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil
42、of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I ones life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibilit
43、y.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic. But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all exper
44、ienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore,
45、a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:1 LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan univer
46、sity of technology press. 20072 WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 2002.3 jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing, 1992.Xx 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译7中文翻译 2土
47、木工程概论 摘要：土木工程是一门庞大大学科，主要的部分是建筑，无论在国内还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史发展过程。世界每天都在变化，建筑也随着科学发展的进程而发展。力学研究发现随着材料的不断更新，更多的科技注入到建筑中。以前屋顶只要要瓦片覆盖就好，而现在追求的则是更加舒适，不同的想法，各种各样的技术推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。关键词：土木工程，建筑，力学，材料。土木工程建设是各种项目的统称。它也被认为是“军事项目” 相对应的。在英国的历史上，土木工程，机械工程，电气工程，化学工程属于工程，因为它们都有民用型。后来，随着科学技术的发展，机械，电气，化工，逐步形成独立的科学，工程成为土木工程的
48、专业名词。到目前为止，在英国，工程包括水利工程，港口工程，而在我国，水利项目和港口项目也变得非常密切并且成为与土木工程相对独立的分支。土木工程的建设对象，既指建在地面上，地下的水工程设施，也指材料设备的应用和进行的勘测，设计和建设，维护，维修以及其他专业技术。土木工程是一种与人的衣食住行都有密切关系的学科。它们与生活是密切相关的。因为，解决生活的问题，必须建立不同类型的建筑物。为了解决“衣、食、住、行” 的问题，既有直接方面，也有间接的一面。 “行”，就意味着要必须建设铁路，公路，桥梁， “食” ，与水井，水利，农田灌溉，城市供水排水是有直接关系的。造车，造船，纺纱织布，生产服装，甚至是钢铁生
49、产，发射卫星，开展科研活动都离不开建造各种建筑物，不管你做什么，构筑物和各种工程设施的建造都有间接的关系，土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，它已演变成大规模的综合性学科，产生了许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程，水和废水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程作为一项重要的基础学科，有其重要的特性：综合性，社会性，实用性，团结性。土木工程为发展国民经济和改善人民生活的提供了重要物质和技术基础，对许多工业振兴起到促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的生产过程，因此，工程建设和房地产已经成为许多国家和地区的支柱产业。建设项目是住房规划，勘察，设计，施工的总称。目的是为人类生活和生产提供场所。房屋就像人一样，它像一个人的人生规划环境，这是负责的策划者，其布局和艺术加工，对应的是身体外貌和气质，是由建筑师负责，其结构像一个人的骨骼，由结构工程师负责，水，采暖通风，电气设施，如人体器官和神经，是由设备工程师负责。完整的形状和人一样也喜欢自然，在城市规划的基础上建造房屋，是一个由建设单位，勘察单位，设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位综合协调合作。但是必须使其结构自身的应力、内力和外力达到一个平衡状态。要解决一座建筑，首先必须解决的是力学问题。
