1、考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in
2、 their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise； and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writ
3、ers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality;others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive
4、 processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This int
5、uition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！ experience. Fourth, some managers use intuiti
6、on as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their s
7、ense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of
8、 the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers
9、develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to le
10、arn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1. According to the text, senior managers use
11、intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT toA speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.B identify a problem.C bring together disparate facts.D stipulate clear goals.2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？A They have
12、 criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.B They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.C They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.D They have misundersto
13、od how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？A Manager
14、 X analyzes first and then acts； Manager Y does not.B Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis； Manager Y does not.C Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem； Manager Y does not.D Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating
15、 a solution to a problem； Manager X does not.4. The text provides support for which of the following statements？A Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.B Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.C Managers intuition works contrary
16、 to their rational and analytical skills.D Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？A An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.B A conventional
17、model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.C The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.D Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案与考点解析1. 答案D考点解析这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的 senior managers 暗示本题的答案信息在第三段,因为第三段首句包含题干中的 senior managers。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点,我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项
18、D.本题选项 A、B、C 所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。2. 答案D考点解析这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源,通过阅读和理解此句,我们可推导出本题的正确选项是 D.考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。3. 答案C考点解析本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的 who uses intuition to reach decisions 暗示本题的答案信息在第四段,因为第四段首句含有和题干中 who uses intuition to reach dec
19、isions 大致相同的 the intuitive style of executive management。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话, 我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调 act（行动）, 可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项 C.本题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位,然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。4. 答案D考点解析本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下,考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨, 并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果
20、考生能够抓住第一段的尾句,并结合第三段的第四、五句, 就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是 D.考生在解题时,尤其是在迷失解题思路时, 一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。5. 答案B考点解析本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的 do not 和第二句句首的 rather 是破解本题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是 B.考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语,更要注意句子之间的相互关系。参考译文 大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式,即：首先确定目标, 然后估定问题,摆出各种可能性,估计成功率, 再做决定,
21、最后才付诸行动去实施。相反 ,在这些人的日常决策过程中,他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题,这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择,而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说,这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面,还有人认为它是反复无常的（做法、性格）的一个借口。Isenberg 最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉。首先,他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二, 依靠直觉,管理者们能很快表
22、现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意,非理性的,而是在多年实践磨练,和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。第三,直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面, 这经常表现为一声 Aha式的体验。第四,有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具,那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕, 那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。最后,管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。这么使用时,直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程,这一模式为管理者所熟悉。这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能
23、分开。由于（在这种方式中）管理者在分析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做,他们经常是先行动,后解释。在思考行动的循环中,分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况,而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行。由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况,他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分,而不只是解决问题的步骤。考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案二Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary r
24、ather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work,for example, judges the value of Black fiction b
25、y overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instr
26、uments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfa
27、ctory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors？Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous？ Rosenblatt s
28、hows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable， coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic,and they spring,no
29、t surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity
30、;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or a
31、re the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes
32、 are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression？In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating a
33、nd little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with _.A evaluating the soundness of a work of cri
34、ticism.B comparing various critical approaches to a subject.C discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.D summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt _.A evaluated more carefu
35、lly the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.B attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.C explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.D assessed the relative literary merit of the novel
36、s he analyzes thematically.3.The authors discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as _.A pedantic and contentious.B critical but admiring.C ironic and deprecating.D argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatts book EXCEPT
37、： _.A rhetorical questions.B specific examples.C comparison and contrast.D definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to _.A point out affinities between Rosenblatts method of thematic analysis and earlier cr
38、iticism.B clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.C qualify the assessment of Rosenblatts book made in the first paragraph of the passage.D give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatts work.答案与考点解析答案A考点解析这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们可以推
39、断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating”（评价）一词的选项 A.考生在解题时一定要注意段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内含和作用。答案D考点解析这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“would have been improved”可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面“不足”的地方。尾段首句的“such omissions”（这样的忽略）暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确选项是 D.考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定
40、位的能力，更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。答案B考点解析这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案 B.本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。答案D考点解析这是一道写作手法题型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题目。本题 A、B、C 所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及 B 和 C 两个选项。选项 D“definition of
41、 terms”（给词语下定义）在原文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段。答案D考点解析这是一道例（举）证题。通过题干中的“Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，本句中的“like” （例如）一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specific example”的选项 D.考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键词的应用和理解。参考译文 罗杰？罗森布莱特的著作黑人小说 ，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法
42、。如罗森布莱特所注意到的，黑人著作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森？盖尔的最新著作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森？布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说著作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类？其次，黑人小说如何
43、将自己和其他现代小说分开？它们大半属于同一时代的作品。罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体，它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统。着眼于最近八十年黑人创作的小说，罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局。这些结构与主题相关，并不让人感到惊奇的是，它们源于这样一个中心事实，即小说中的黑人生存在一个白人文化支配的环境中，不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化。黑人小说确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性；他甚至直言，对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的，尤其是因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果。
44、例如，一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。这是否是一个缺陷，或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑，还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学？另外，象金？图莫的手杖那样的黑人小说风格，近于表现主义和超现实主义；难道这个技巧只是用更自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗？尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。黑人小说考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上，如詹姆士？威尔顿？约翰逊的一个曾是有色人的自传 。这本书的主题结构紧密，直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。Proponents
45、of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessors musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960s. The neoboppers of the 1980s and 19
46、90s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the
47、 height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz.Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended
48、 improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of not
49、es and ornaments on melody.Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to sheets of sound” where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second
