1、VODKA,This is an absolute advertisement!,CONTENTS,1.GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2.HISTORY 3.TODAY 4.PRODUCTION 5.DRINKING 6.HEALTH,1.GENERAL DESCRIPTION Vodka vdkis a clear distilled liquor composed of water and ethanol(乙醇),its distinguishing feature is that vodka has less miscellaneous aldehyde or alcohol(
2、杂醛与杂醇) than other spirits. Vodkas alcoholic content usually ranges between 35 to 50 percent by volume; the standard Russian, Lithuanian, and Polish vodkas are 40 percent alcohol by volume.,2.HISTORYThe origins of vodka cannot be traced definitively, but it is believed to have originated in the grain
3、-growing region that now embraces Poland, western Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine In the 12 century. It also has a long tradition in Scandinavia.,Vodka was called “zhizenennia voda“(生命之水) by Russian monk(修士), voda is the Russian nickname for water, and vodka was used for medical at the first tim
4、e(作为消毒水). It was since the 19 centurypeople found most of the material which produced wine flavor could be absorbed by Carbonthat the no smell of liquor as todays vodka had been come out in front of us.,3.TODAYVodka is now one of the worlds most popular spirits. In China, we call it “wolf come from
5、north“, Vodka is famous for its thick taste because of its high alcoholic content , and its neutral flavor allows it to be mixed into a wide variety of drinks, often replacing other liquors (particularly Gin) in traditional drinks, such as the Martini.,some famous brands in vodkas world,some famous
6、brands in vodkas world,4.PRODUCTIONVodka may be distilled from any starch(淀粉)/sugar-rich plant; most vodka today is produced from grains such as sorghum(高粱), corn, rye or wheat.Among grain vodkas, rye and wheat vodkas are generally considered superior. Some vodka is made from potatoes, molasses, soy
7、beans, grapes, sugar beets and sometimes even by products of oil refining or wood pulp processing.,In some Central European countries like Poland some vodka is produced by just fermenting a solution of crystal sugar and yeast(糖类发酵液). In the European Union there are talks about the standardization of
8、 vodka, and the Vodka Belt countries insist that only spirits produced from grains, potato and sugar beet molasses be allowed to be branded as “vodka“, following the traditional methods of production : distilling and filtering(蒸馏与稀释), then flavoring(调味).,Through numerous rounds of distillation, the
9、taste of the vodka is improved and its clarity(洁度) is enhanced. Depending on the distillation method and the technique of the stillmaster, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95-96% ethanol(乙醇). This level of distillation is what truly separates a rye-based vodka (for example)
10、 from a rye whisky; while the whisky is generally only distilled down to its final alcohol content, vodka is distilled until it is almost totally pure alcohol and then cut with water to give it its final alcohol content and unique flavour, depending on the source of the water. While most vodkas are
11、unflavoured, many flavoured vodkas have been produced in traditional vodka-drinking areas, often as home-made recipes(家制秘方) to improve vodkas taste or for medicinal purposes. Flavourings include red pepper(辣椒), ginger(生姜), fruit flavours(香果), vanilla(香草), chocolate (without sweetener:无糖精), and cinna
12、mon(桂皮). In Russia and Ukraine , vodka flavoured with honey(蜂蜜) and pepper is also very popular.,5.DRINKING AND RESERVEVodka can aslo be drink directly, added with some ice could be better, with the Y wineglass(Y形酒杯)or the old wineglass. And its useful in cocktails(鸡尾酒) and mixed drinks, such as the
13、 bloody Mary(血腥玛丽), the screwdriver(螺丝起子), the White Russian(白俄罗斯), the vodka tonic(伏特加汤力), and the vodka martini(伏特加马丁尼).Vodka of high quality should be placed in the refrigerator, its alcohol consumed is much enough to prevent being frozen, and through refrigeration,its taste will be rich and tast
14、y.,6.HEALTHVodka as with any alcohol consumed in sufficient amounts can be lethal(致命)by inducing respiratory failure(呼吸衰竭) or unguarded inhalation of vomit (恶性呕吐) by a comatose drunk person. In addition, the effects of alcohol are responsible for many indirect injuries such as falls and vehicle acci
15、dents.Excessive consumption of any alcoholic beverage(过度饮酒) above approximately 1% ABV can cause dehydration(脱水), digestive irritation(消化不良), and other symptoms associated with a hangover(宿醉), and the chronic effects can include liver failure due to cirrhosis(肝硬化), and it is associated with many GI
16、cancers (particularly oral cavity：口腔).And in some countries black-market vodka or “bathtub“ vodka is widespread because it can be produced easily and avoid taxation. However, severe poisoning, blindness, or death can occur as a result of dangerous industrial ethanol substitutes being added(工业酒精的掺入) by black-market producers.,
