1、备考大学英语应用能力考试,第一部分 语法和词汇 第二部分 翻译 第三部分 写作,第一部分 语法和词汇 第一章 重点语法项目介绍第二章 多项选择题,第三部分 写作第一章 写作介绍第二章 写作练习,从历年考试试题分析来看，PRETCO语法(Structure)考查重点主要是：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词(动词不定式、分词和动名词)、情态动词、状语从句、定语从句、倒装句、强调句、反意问句、虚拟语气、代词、形容词和副词等。考生要对上述语法项目从概念到应用上下功夫。现就各项目的考核重点分别简单叙述如下(其中有些例句选自历年考试试题)：,第一章 重点语法项目介绍,一、动词的时态和语态 考核重点： 过去完成时
2、。注意：过去完成时常常和before，after，until，when等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示过去。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)of+表示过去时间的短语或句子；hardly (scarcely)+过去完成时+when+过去时； no sooner+过去完成时+than+过去时； 现在完成时和现在完成进行时。常用时间状语有：this day(week，month，year)，so far，for some time，up to now，up to the present，all this year(month，week)等； 将来完成时。常与b
3、efore，until，when，after等连词引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)0f+表示将来时间的短语或句子。,例句： 1.He said:“I_ a lot of new words by the end of last year”A) had already learnt B)would have already learnt C) have already learnt D)already learnt 答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of last year表明谓语动词要用过去完成时态。 2.
4、The project to clear up the polluted river_by the end of next year A) is being completed B)will have been completed C) has been completed D)will have completed 答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of next year表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。 3. The students_ their papers by the end of this month A) will have finished B)have been fi
5、nishingC) have finished D)will be finishing 答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of this month表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。,A),B),A),4. Up till now I(spend)_ a great deal of money on books，magazines and newspapers. A) spent C) had spentB) have spent D) am going to spend 答案： 。句中的时间状语up till now要求谓语动词用现在完成时。 5. Until then_ his fam
6、ily from him for several monthsA) hadnt heard C) didnt hear B) hasnt heard D) hasnt been hearing 答案： 。句中的状语until then和for several months可以判断谓语动词用过去完成时。 6Hardly _we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavilyA) hadgot to B) havegot to C) didget to D) doget to 答案： 。“hardly+过去完成时+when+过去时”句型。,B
7、),A),A),二、动词不定式 考核重点： 不定式的完成式(to have done)、进行式(to be doing)和被动式(to be done)。 例句： 1. He was very sorry_ her at the airport A) to have not met B) not to have met C) not to meet D) to not meet 答案： 。动词不定式的完成式否定。 2. 1d rather read than watch television；the programs seem _all the time.A) to get worse B)
8、getting worse C) to have got worse D) to be getting worse 答案： 。不定式的进行式，表示“一直是”的意思。 3. Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to doA) to be given B) to give C) to have given D) having given答案： 。不定式的被动式。 . A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decadeA) to have trans
9、lated B)to translate C) to have been translated D)to be translated答案： 。不定式的被动完成式。,B),D),A),C),三、动词的现在分词和过去分词 考核重点： 分词或分词短语作状语。注意：当分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随状态等； 当分词或分词短语作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，便要使用分词的独立结构，即带逻辑主语的分词短语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等； 分词作定语、宾语补语及表语。 例句： 1. The May Day
10、Holiday _over，we must now get down to work A) be B) being C) to have been D) to be 答案： 。带逻辑主语的现在分词短语作状语，是独立主格结构。 2. Thousands of products_ from crude oil are now in daily use A) to make B) be made C) making D) made答案： 。分词作后置定语修饰名词。,B),D),3. I have found some articles _ the harmful effects of drinkin
11、g A) being concerned B) concerned C) to concern D) concerning答案： 。concerning应为宾语some articles的补足语。这里宾语和宾语补足语的关系是主动的，故用现在分词。 4. I stayed up all night _ to find a new solution to the problem A) trying B) have tried C) try D) tried答案： 。现在分词短语作目的状语。 5. _ such a good chance，he planned to learn moreA)To b
12、e give B) Having been given C) Having given D) Giving答案： 。被动完成式现在分词作状语表示条件。,D),A),B),四、动名词 考核重点： 只跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit，enjoy，include，involve practise，excuse，postpone, mind，dislike，mention，imagine suggest，delay，miss，understand，hate，like，favor，escape deny，consider，appreciate，avoid，risk等。 例句： 1. I dont mi
13、nd _ all that way in such bad weather A) go B) gone C) going D) to go答案： 。动词mind后面要求v一ing的形式(动名词)作宾语。 2. Jane always enjoys _to popular music at home on Friday evenings A) listening B) being listening C) to be listening D) to listen答案： 。enjoy喜欢，后接动名词作宾语。,C),A),3. They are considering _ before the pr
14、ice go upA) of buying the house B)with buying the house C) buying the house D)to buy the house 答案： 。consider后接动名词作宾语。 4. Its no use _ me not to worryA) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told 答案： 。Its no use +ving句型要求。这里是带逻辑主语的动名词结构。,C),B),五、情态动词 考核重点： a. should (ought to)+ h
15、ave+过去分词，表示“对已经发生的事情的责备、惊奇或推测”以及表示“应该做而没有做的事情”； b. might (could)+ have+过去分词，表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”； c. must + have+过去分词，表示“对过去情况的推测”，只用于肯定句；否定句和疑问句用cant和can； d. neednt + have+过去分词，表示“做了不必做的事”。例句： 1. This ATM has been out of service for a few daysIt should _ last week A) fix B) be fixed C) have fixed D)
16、have been fixed答案： 。should +have+过去分词，表示“应该做而没有做的事情”。 2. With all this work on hand，he _ to the cinema last nightA) mustnt go B) wouldnt go C) oughtnt go D) shouldnt have gone答案： 。表示“对已经发生的事情的责备”。 3. The classroom is in a terrible mess；it _ cleanedA) cant have been B) wouldnt have been C) shouldnt h
17、ave been D) mustnt have been 答案 。表示“对过去情况的推测”。,D),D),A),六、定语从句 考核重点： 由that，as，when，where, which，whose引导的定语从句； 名词、代词、数词、形容词的比较级和最高级+of+ which (whom) 引导的定语从句； 介词+which(whose，whom)引导的定语从句。例句：1. That is the very man _ house was burned down last week A) his B)whose C) which D)of whom 答案： 。关系词whose引导定语从句，
18、whose在从句中充当定语。Very=just2. _is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan A) What B) This C) That D) As答案： 。as引导非限定性定语从句，指代后面整个句子。as is often the case 正如常常的事实(事实经常如此,表示十分常见) 3This is the microscope _ which we have had so much trouble A）at B)from C)of D) with 答案：
19、。which引导的定语从句中，可以把从句末尾的介词置于which之前。,B),D),D),4. The hotel _during the vacation was rather poorly managed A) as I stayed B) where I stayed C) which I stayed D)what I stayed 答案： 。the hotel后面是由where引导的定语从句。 5All _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of lifeA) what is needed B) the thing need
20、ed C) for our needs D) that is needed 答案： 。先行词all由that引导的定语从句修饰。,B),D),七、状语从句 考核重点： 引导原因状语从句的连词：as，seeing that(由于)，in that(因为)，considering that, for the reason that，now that，not thatbut that(不是因为，而是因为)等； 引导时间状语从句的名词词组：the instant，the moment，the minute，the time，each time，every time等； 引导条件状语从句的连词：as(s
21、o)long as，unless，on condition that(条件是)，providing(provided)that(假若)，suppose(supposing)that(假使)，granting(granted)that(假定)等； 引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that，in case, so that等；例句：,1. We moved to London _ we could visit our friends more often A) even if B)so that C) in case D)as答案： 。so that以便、为了，引导目的状语从句。 2.
22、She didnt go to the cinema last night，_she had to finish her term paper A) as B)if C) till D)though 答案： 。as这里作“由于”解，引导原因状语从句。 3. You can drive your own car_ you have passed the driving test A) now that B)even if C) so that D) as if答案： 。now that因为，既然，引导原因状语从句。 4. Dont worry. _ you work hard，you are s
23、ure to pass the exam A) As much as B) As well as C) As soon as D) As long as答案： 。as long as只要，引导条件状语从句。,B),A),A),D),5. You see the lightening _ it happens，but you hear the thunder laterA) the instant B) for an instant C) on the instant D) in an instant答案： 。the instant，引导时间状语从句的名词。 6. Liquids are lik
24、e solids_ they have a definite volumeA) in that B) for that C）with that D) at that 答案： 。in that因为，引导原因状语从句。 7. Well visit England and Germany next year _we have enough moneyA) unless B) provided C) lest D) until答案： 。provided假设，引导条件状语从句。,A),A),B),八、虚拟语气考核重点： 在表示“愿望”，“请求”，建议”，“命令”等主观意向的动词、名词、形容词、 过去分词
25、等后的从句中，要用虚拟语气，形式是：“should+动词原形”，或省去should直接用“动词原形”。这些动词、形容词、过去分词是：动词有suggest，propose，desire，request，advise，command，insist，require，order，recommend，beg，prefer，maintain(主张)，direct(命令)等；形容词有necessary，important，essentialdesirable，advisable，urgent，preferable，insistent，strange等；过去分词有suggested，proposed，dema
26、nded，required，requested，desired，ordered，recommended，insisted，asked，resolved等；名词有suggestion，proposal，advice，order，request，recommendation，requirement，insistence，necessity，command等； 在某些表示条件的状语从句中(if从句)； 在it is(high /about)time that句型中，表示“到该干某事的时候了”，在If only引导的感叹句中，表示“但愿，该就好了”；,在with，without，but for(要不是
27、)，or，otherwise，except for，under the condition that in the position of等介词短语中； 在in order that(为了)，in case引导的目的状语从句中； 在wish，would rather后的宾语从句 例句： 1.The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members_ the new safety rules A) observed B) will observe C) would observe D) observe 答案： 。insist引出
28、的宾语从句谓语用虚拟语气(do)。 2. I think its high time we _strict measures to stop pollution.A) will take B) take C) took D) have taken答案： 。在Its highabout time后的从句动词用虚拟语气(should do/did)。,D),C),3. _ last Friday，he would have got to Paris A) Would he leave B) Had he left (if he lad left) C) If he is to leave D) I
29、f he was leaving 答案： 。本句是条件状语从句，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。 4. Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or other. A) be settled B) settled C) is settled D) settled 答案： 。在necessary (important) 等形容词后面用虚拟语气。 5. The committee members propose that the plan _ postponed for a few days A) to be B) being C) be D) be
30、en 答案： 。动词propose后宾语从句中用虚拟语气。 6. I didnt go with them to the beach yesterdayBut I do wish I_ there. A) have been B) had been C) was D) am 答案： 。在wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气。,B),A),C),B),7. _ the storm，the ship would have reached its destination on timeA) In spite of B) In case of C) But for D) Because of 答案： 。b
31、ut for(要不是)介词短语后用虚拟语气。 8. My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the problemA) will set up B)are to set up C) set up D) must set up 答案： 。(should)set up，在名词suggestion后用虚拟语气。 9. He must have had an accident，or _ thenA) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be
32、 here 答案： 。在or后面用虚拟语气。 10. It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been made A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 答案： 。在过去分词recommended后面用虚拟语气。,C),C),A),C),九、倒装句 考核重点: 以notuntil，not，never，little，nowhere，rarely，seldom, scarcely
33、, hardly，no sooner，in no case，at no time，on no account，underno circumstances,，by no means等引导的句子； only+副词，介词短语或状语(从句)引出的句子。例句： 1. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _C_the danger.A) that he noticed B) he didnt notice C) did he notice D) had he noticed 答案： 。not until开头句子倒装。 2. Not for a moment
34、 _B_ the truth of your explanation about the event A) we have doubted B) did we doubt C) we had doubted D) doubted we 答案： 。否定词not置于句首，谓语用倒装结构，表示强调。 3. Only by shouting at the top of his voice_. A) was he able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself hear C) he was able to make himself hea
35、rd D) was he able to make himself heard 答案： 。only+状语引出的句子中，用倒装。,C),B),D),十、强调句 考核重点： 强调句句型：It is(was)+被强调部分+that+其他成分 例句： 1. The police asked the if it was the place _ they found the lost child A)which B) what C) that D) where 答案： 。本句的宾语句是强调句型。 2. It was in China _ the agreement was signedA) that B)
36、 which C) where D) what 答案： 。本句为强调句。,C),A),十一、主谓一致 考核重点： 由连词and连接两个主语，and后面的名词不加冠词，常指一个人或一个事物，谓语动词用单数，如：the secretary and principal(书记兼校长) 以一ics结尾的名词表示一门学科，谓语动词一般用单数； 由连词or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，nor等连接的两个名词或代词，其谓语采用毗邻一致的原则，即谓语动词与邻近的主语一致； 如果主语为单数而后面有with，together with，as well as，in add
37、ition to，more than， no less than，1ike，but，except等词引起的短语，谓语动词用单数； 如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有every，each，no等词修饰，谓语动词用单数。如：Every boy and girl in this village is taught to read and write。many a(an another)+名词，more than one+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 如：more than one woman was involved in this case the number(variety)of+
38、名词，an amount of(a deal ofplenty of)+不可数名词，a quantity of+不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词均用单数。,例句： 1. Many a boy and many a girl _ independentA、hope to be B) expects to be C) wants D) longs for 答案： 。many a+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 2. Either she or I _ to blameA) is B) are C) have D) am 答案： 。谓语动词与邻近的主语一致。 3. A suitcase with shi
39、rts，trousers and shoes _ from the car.A) was stolen B) have been robbed C)has robbed D) had stolen 答案： 。主语为单数而后面有with引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。 4.The number of people invited _ fifty，but a number of them _ absent without any reason.A)were；was B) was；was C) was；were D) were；were 答案： 。the number of+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数
40、。,A),D),A),C),十二、反意问句考核重点： 反意问句由陈述句+简短问句组成。当陈述句中的主语是everybody，everyone, someone，no one，nobody，somebody等合成词时，疑问句主语用复数they来表示。 而当陈述句中的主语是everything，nothing，anything，something时，疑问句主语用it来表示。如：Somebody came to see medid they? 祈使句后面可以加一个简短问句，使句子语气变得客气些。如：Dont forget to water the flower in the garden，while
41、 I am away, will you？,十三、代词 考核重点：不定代词。 many，much，little，few的用法； both，either，neither用于两者之间; all, any, none用于三者以上。 例句： 1. I am interested in _ you told meA) all what B）all C) that D）that答案： 。表示“一切”(三者以上)用all。 2. You can park on _ side of the streetA) either B) any C) all D)both答案： 。指街道两边(任何一边)用either。
42、 3. A 10t of people triedbut have succeedA) the few B) few C) fewer D) some few答案： 。修饰可数名词用few。,B),A),B),十四、形容词和副词 考核重点：在比较结构中的应用。 比较级前面可以有much，far，slightly，a lot，a little，still，ever，times(多少倍)，any，no或not any等程度副词修饰； 多音节形容词或副词的比较级和最高级在前面加more和most： the morethe more句型； 有些形容词本身就是比较级的形式，在做比较时用to而不用than
43、。如：superior(较高的)，senior(年长的)，junior(年少的)等。 例句：,1. I think that Anna is_ far the most active member in our group. A) with B) at C) as D) by 答案： 。句中出现最高级形式，只有D)可以和搭配构成by far ，修饰形容词最高级。2. In some modem countries we find a _ number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them to fillA)
44、 large B) much larger C) more large D) more larger 答案： 。比较级可以用much修饰。3. The more we get together，_ we shall beA) the more happy B) the happier C) the happy D) happier 答案： 。the morethe more句型4. The scientist is several years junior _ Mr. SmithA) than B) to C) for D) on 答案： 。junior做比较时用to而不用than。,D),B
45、),B),B),第二章 多项选择题,Section ASection B,Section A.Directions: In this part, there are 700 incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding in the most appropriate word from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.,
