1、 中国海洋大学博士学位论文以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式研究-以山东龙力生物科技有限公司为例姓名：程少博申请学位级别：博士专业：农业经济管理指导教师：权锡鉴2011-05成一个闭环的绿色供应链。农工一体化循环经济组织可分为紧密型、半紧密型和松散型三种。紧密型农工一体化循环经济组织主要指由核心企业投资组成的在生态产业链条上的一组企业，它们之间是靠产权连接的，这一组企业可以是某企业独立投资形成的，也可以是核心企业控股，或者是核心企业参股的，这组企业也可以看成是核心企业的纵向一体化。半紧密型农工一体化循环经济组织指的是企业间通过合同连接，即农产品生产者与农产品加工者、农产品销售者三者之间
2、，通过签订合同或订单，协调生态产业链条上企业间的合作关系，使农工商三者得以进行合作，以便增进并合理分享收益。松散型农工一体化循环经济组织是指企业间完全依靠市场交易方式连接，企业之间完全独立，合作和协调主要通过市场机制来进行。农工一体化循环经济运作机制的构建是保证系统内物质循环、能量流动的有序性和实现信息共享的前提和保障。从系统内产业流程的运作程序来看，应涵盖合作伙伴的评价选择机制、履约监督机制、激励约束机制、冲突协调机制和信息共享机制等五个层面。其中，合作伙伴的评价选择机制属于一种事前预防机制，履约监督机制、激励约束机制、信息共享机制属于一种事中执行机制，而冲突协调机制则属于一种事后弥补机制。
3、农工一体化循环经济的核心是“循环”，即强调资源在社会再生产体系中各个环节的不断循环利用，因此，如何做到产业链内资源的网状化利用显得尤为重要。为此，农工一体化循环经济内部各节点企业资源都应按照协同方式进行整合，以增进系统的资源持有量；在资源协同整合的过程中，主要依赖于科技进步和高技术支撑；以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济能够产生横向一体化的规模经济的效应、纵向一体化的范围经济效应和区域一体化的产业集群效应。以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济为我们提供了一种新的发展模式，在这一发展模式中，高新技术是推动循环经济发展的关键因素。同时，发展农工一体化循环经济并不单纯是技术的选择问题，也不是微观市场主
4、体一厢情愿所能够做到的，它需要一系列相关条件来保障或满足，例如资源循环利用技术的成熟度及其适应性、资源供给的约束程度、生产规模的大小、产业的聚集程度以及政府职能的有效合理发挥等。山东龙力生物科技有限公司构建以高技术为支撑的农工一体化的循环经济II发展模式，经历了萌芽、初步形成和发展完善三个阶段。该公司循环经济产业的前端是玉米种植业，功能糖的工业化生产以及玉米芯废渣的再利用是公司循环经济的核心产业，它们和肥料还田工程共同构成了闭环的循环经济链。龙力公司以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式，无缝连接了农业和工业，通过以玉米及玉米芯等农业资源的开发利用，延长了农业产业链条，同时以生物技术为手段
5、，实现了对农业资源的综合性循环利用。在山东龙力生物科技有限公司农工一体化的循环经济发展模式中，生物高技术起了关键的支撑作用。生物法制备木糖醇技术、玉米芯酶法制备低聚木糖技术、玉米芯废渣提取木质素技术和纤维乙醇生产技术等高技术的应用促成了该公司的循环经济产业链条。对生物技术酶解工业纤维废渣生产乙醇项目的资源与环境经济的具体分析证明了该公司以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济实现了资源的充分利用和经济与环境的协调发展。山东龙力生物科技有限公司运营管理与以高技术为支撑的农工一体化的循环经济发展高度契合。以打造“玉米全株产业链”为发展方向，以“生物炼制、绿色循环”为发展主线，以“绿色循环发展、健康成就未
6、来”为核心理念，以“有限循环一体化、业务单元专业化”为发展原则，形成了科学的战略定位。同时，灵活高效的产学研合作提供的技术支撑，企业文化建设和人力资源管理的密切配合，共同促成了龙力公司有效的总体运营模式，并为公司赢得了竞争优势。以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式，带动了农业产业链和农业发展方式的转变，促进了农业集约化生产和规模化经营，推动了现代城镇经济发展模式的建立，这一发展模式为“三农”问题的解决、为推动农村城镇化建设与发展提供了有益的启示。关键词：农工一体化；循环经济；发展模式；高技术；龙力公司IIIAbstractThe developing direction of our c
7、ountrys rural society is to realize thecommercialization of agricultural products, the industrialization of agriculture and theurbanization of rural areas. During these developing processes, in order to lead thecircular economy development into rural and urban areas economic development, oneimportan
8、t aspect is how to link agricultural economy and industrial economy andbuild the agribusiness integration developing mode of circular economy, and thisdeveloping mode should based on high technology, only in this way can realize thesustainable development of rural and urban areas economy. LongLi bio
9、technologylimited company of Shandong province makes good use of local maize and corncob,by introducing and developing high and new biotechnology to productoligosaccharide, xylitol, polyxylose, and a variety of derivative products, and theyrecycle the waste residue as fuel to generate electricity or
10、 use them for cultivation, thewaste residue could also be used as fertilizer, by this way, so this company developeda particular circular agribusiness economy developing mode which is based on hightechnology. Taking Longli biotechnology limited company of Shandong province asan example and to study
11、the circular agribusiness economy developing mode, it hasimportant practical value to solve the issues of agriculture farmer and rural areas, tobuild new villages and urban economys developing mode and to accelerate the ruraleconomys sustainable development. At the same time, it will be useful to de
12、velop thetheory of our countrys agricultural circular economy and develop new research field.In structure, this paper is made of ten chapters, and it could be divided into foursections. The first three chapters are theory analysis, firstly this paper introduces thereasons of selecting this research
13、and the historical research backgrounds, and it alsointroduces the basic situation and standpoints, as well as the research contents,methods, the technical route and the innovations and the problems still to be studied.On this basis, this paper elaborated the related theories about agricultural circ
14、ulareconomy, analyzed the form of the theory of circular economy, and this theorysoperation mechanism, technical support and management structure, and this paperIValso discusses the necessities and feasibilities to develop the circular agribusinesseconomy, according to the characteristics of agricul
15、ture, this paper introduces therequirements, general mode and supporting systems. The fourth and fifth chapters aresystem analysis. This section researched the circular agribusiness economy as a wholething, and it analyzed the high technology supporting system, and according to theform paradigm “fac
16、tors-structure-function” of system theory, this section analyzed theelement chain(resources, technology), structure chain(process) and functionchain(value), which supporting the circular agribusiness economy, and this sectionalso explore its management mode. The sixth, seventh and eighth chapters ar
17、edemonstration. Taking Longli biotechnology limited company as an example, this partresearched its developing process to realize circular agribusiness economy from theview of the industrial chain of circular economy, high technology systems andoperation models. The ninth and tenth chapters are norma
18、tive analysis, based on theformer analysis; this part evaluated the value and effect of circular agribusiness andsummarized the main research conclusion. Through this paper, we get these followingconclusions:From the meaning of circular agribusiness economy, it is started from agricultureand combine
19、 agriculture industrialization and industrial ecology, and it is a closingmaterials cycle and resources circulate which is moving according the regular patternof natural ecology system and energy flow mode. Its characteristics are:it is closedin agriculture and industry, and its staring point is the
20、 green plants to transform solarpower into chemical energy, and it realized the use of power by the supporting of hightechnology. The circular agribusiness economy combines agricultureindustrialization and industrial ecology, and its goal is to use resources effectively andcircularly, its principles
21、 are “3R (reduce, reusing, recycling)”, so it extendsagricultures postpartum chain and combined with industrial ecology.Circularagribusiness economy links different parts of agriculture and combines agricultureand industry, and formed a closed green supply chain.From the view of organization, the ci
22、rcular agribusiness can be divided into close,half close and loose mode. Close circular agribusiness organization means severalVenterprises which is made up of core enterprises and in the ecology chain, they arelinked by property right, the core enterprises could be formed by a companysindependent i
23、nvestment and it also could be controlled by a core enterprise, or it isshared by a core company, or we may regard it as the core enterprises verticalintegration. Half close circular agribusiness organization refers to the companieswhich united by contract, specifically, it means that the agricultur
24、al producers,agricultural producers and produce sellers coordinate their relations by contract, sothat increase and share profit. Loose circular agribusiness organization means thatcompany deal their business independently, their cooperation and coordination aretotally made by market mechanism.From
25、the view of operation safeguard mechanism, the form of operationmechanism of circular agribusiness is to guarantee the circulation of materials insystem, the order of energy circulation, realize the share of information. From theview of operation procedure in systems industry process, it should cont
26、ain partnersevaluation-choice mechanism, performance and supervision mechanism, incentiveand restraint mechanisms, conflict coordination mechanism and information sharingmechanism. Partners evaluation and choice mechanism is a kind of preventionsystem, performance and supervision mechanism, incentiv
27、e and restraint mechanismsand information sharing mechanism are a kind of matter execution mechanism, andconflict coordination mechanism belongs to a kind of afterward remedy mechanism.From the view of circular synergy, the core of circular agribusiness is “circular”,it emphasizes the resources shou
28、ld be circular used in various links in socialreproduction system , so it is important to make good use of resources; and the key is“resource”, the link companies in circular agribusiness should be integrated accordingthe contract, so that to enhance the holding of resources; Technology is security,
29、 itsadvantages are it could promote the transformation between science and achievements,so that to improve the efficiency of agricultural production and promote the progressof agricultural science and technology. Performance is the “effect”, it includecrosswise integration of the economies of scale
30、effect, vertical integration ofeconomies of scope and regional integration of industry cluster effect.VIFrom the view of technology, the circular agribusiness economy which is basedon high technology give us a new developing mode, therefore, to some extent,technology is the key point for the develop
31、ment of circular economy. However, it isnot only a technical problem to develop circular agribusiness economy, and it cant berealized only by a microcosmic economic body, it need a system of conditions toguarantee. For example, the maturity and adaptability of using circular technology, theconstrain
32、t degree of resource supply, the scale of production, the concentration degreeof industry and the governments regulation to protect environment.The development of circular agribusiness economy of Longli biotechnologylimited companyof Shandong province underwent the form of germination,preliminary fo
33、rmation and perfection. The fore-end of this companys circularagribusiness economy is corn planting, the industrial production of functional sugarand the recycle of corncob, with the project of fertilizer back to field, and they formedthe closed circular economy chain. This companys developing mode
34、linkedagriculture and industry perfectly, it realized resources comprehensive use by theexploration of corn and corncob, extend of agricultural chain and biotechnology.In the development of Longli biotechnology limited companys circularagribusiness economy, biotechnology is playing an important role
35、. Some hightechnology in the process of production promoted Longli Companys circulareconomy industrial chain. The specific analysis about ethanols production byindustrial fiber waste with biotechnology proved that Longli Company realized thefull use of resources and the environments coordinated deve
36、lopment.The operation management of Longli biotechnology limited company ofShandong province totally agreed with the circular agribusiness economy which isbased on high technology, directed by forming corn industrial chain, oriented by“green and circular ”, centered by the theory of “circular develo
37、pment, healthy future”,principled by “limited circulated circulation, specialized business unit ”, in this way,this company realized the integration of production, education and research, the closecooperation between company culture development and human resourcesmanagement, they formed Longli compa
38、nys operation mode together and they gainVIIthe competitive advantages for the company.Longli companys developing mode accelerate the transform of agricultureindustrial chain and agricultural development mode, promote the Agriculturalintensification production and scale management, as well as the es
39、tablishment ofmodern agriculture industrial system, and this mode is useful to solve the issues ofagriculture, farm and rural areas, it provide the beneficial revelation for the ruralareas urbanization and development, its developing experiences is worth learning andextending.Kyewords: agribusiness,
40、 circular economy, developing mode, hightechnology, Longli CompanyVIII独 创 声 明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下 进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中 特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中 不 包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不 包含未获得 （注：如没有其他需要特别声明的，本栏可空）或其他教育机构的学位或证书使用过的材料。与 我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中 作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名： 签字日期： 年 月 日-学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学
41、校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权学校可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。同时授权中 国科学技术信息研究所将本学位论文收录到中 国学位论文全文数据库，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）学位论文作者签名： 导师签字：签字日期：签字日期： 年 月 日 年 月 日以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式研究以山东龙力生物科技有限公司为例1 导论1.1选题依据 我国作为人口大国和资源约束型国家，资源禀赋与人口不
42、断增长之间的矛盾由来已久，而农业作为我国社会经济可持续发展的重要组成部分和优先领域，其可持续发展所面临的人口、资源、环境等方面的压力也日渐显现，农业增长的潜能已逼近极限。我国的资源禀赋结构、人均资源拥有量、人口发展态势和技术应用水平要求我们必须尽快转变“高消耗、低效益、高排放”这种粗放的经济增长方式，走最有效利用资源和保护环境为基础的循环经济之路。通过发展循环经济，节约能源和重要资源，促进资源的再使用和再循环，把生产过程产生的废物变为新的资源，实现资源的高效和循环利用。长期以来，我国沿袭粗放型的经济增长方式，投入多，产出少，消耗高，浪费大，环境污染严重。据统计，我国万元生产总值的能耗是美国的3
43、倍，日本的6倍，韩国的4.5倍。据有关专家估算，20世纪80年代以来，我国经济增长的环境成本大致占GDP的3-8%。如果继续沿袭这种经济增长模式，我国赖以发展的资源基础和生存环境就会更加恶化。因此，必须转变经济增长方式，以实现可持续发展。现代经济学理论告诉我们，具有可持续性的经济发展已经不是传统意义上的以牺牲资源和环境为代价的经济发展，而是以不降低环境质量、不破坏自然资源基础的经济发展。循环经济正是这样一种发展模式。发展循环经济是实施经济结构战略性调整的重要内容，经济结构的战略性调整，是我国经济发展的内在要求。经济结构调整的重点之一是实现技术水平低、资源消耗大、环境污染严重、经济效益低的产业结
44、构向技术水平高、资源消耗少、经济效益好且对环境影响小的产业结构转变，进而实现产业结构的优化和升级。为此，必须以循环经济理念指导我国经济结构的调整，以建设清洁生产企业、生态产业园区和循环型社会为重点，转变观念，构建新型的经济发展模式。农村经济发展过程中出现的资源、生态和环境问题已经严重威胁到农村的可持续发展。我国农村人口众多，资源相对不足，生态环境脆弱。目前旧的农村经济增长方式仍未从根本上转变，经济增长在很大程度上仍是依赖高投入以及资源1以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式研究以山东龙力生物科技有限公司为例的高消耗来实现。以农业施用化肥为例，目前，我国年化肥施用量达4100多万吨，约占世界
45、化肥施用总量的1/3。长期的粗放型经济增长方式给农村资源和生态环境带来严重的破坏，导致农村环境污染严重、生态破坏加剧、资源矛盾突出，可持续发展难以为续。转变旧的农村经济增长方式，实现农村经济与环境的协调发展已经成为农村可持续发展的必然选择。循环经济为传统经济转向可持续发展的经济模式提供了战略性的理论范式，也为农村经济的可持续发展指明了方向。循环经济以生态学规律来指导人类社会的经济活动。与传统经济不同，循环经济倡导的是一种建立在物质不断循环利用基础上的经济发展模式，它要求把经济活动组织成一个“资源-产品-再生资源”的反馈式流程，所有的物质和能源要能在这个不断进行的经济循环中得到合理和持久的利用，
46、以把经济活动对自然环境的影响降低到尽可能小的程度，从根本上消减长期以来环境与发展之间的尖锐冲突，实现经济发展与环境保护的双赢。在农村发展循环经济，一方面能够强化农村物质循环和能力转化，提高资源的利用率，减少废弃物的排放，降低社会和环境成本；另一方面能够通过资源的综合利用、资源的循环利用等方式节能降耗，实现资源节约。因此，循环经济是一种可持续的环保型经济增长模式，它能兼顾农村经济发展与环境保护、资源节约，是我国农村经济实现可持续发展的合理选择。我国农村社会经济发展的方向是实现农产品的商品化、农业的工业化、农村的城镇化。在这一发展过程中，将循环经济发展模式引入到农村和城镇经济发展中来，一个重要的方
47、面是如何实现农业经济与工业经济的对接和循环，以构建农工一体化的循环经济发展模式。这一发展模式应该建立在高技术的基础上，以高技术为支撑的农工一体化的循环经济发展模式，才能从根本上推动农村和城镇经济的可持续发展。山东龙力生物科技有限公司利用德州市玉米、玉米芯等农产品资源丰富的优势，通过引入和开发高新生物技术，加工制成低聚糖、木糖醇、低聚木糖以及多种衍生功能糖产品，同时将生产过程产生的玉米芯废渣经过燃料、发电、养殖等项目的再利用，其产生的废弃物再做为肥料进入土地，从而构造了一种独具特色的以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式。以山东龙力生物科技有限公司为案例，研究农工一体化循环经济发展模式，对于
48、从根本上解决“三农”问题、建立新的农村和城镇经济发展模式、推动农村经济可持续发展，2以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式研究以山东龙力生物科技有限公司为例具有重要的实践价值。同时，研究以高技术为支撑的农工一体化循环经济发展模式，也有助于进一步丰富发展循环经济理论，因为，对于“高技术循环经济”问题目前理论界尚缺乏必要的研究。1.2 国内外研究现状与动态 1.2.1 农业循环经济思想的历史演进循环经济思想肇始于人们对生态环境，尤其是对农业生态环境的关切。1962年美国生物学家蕾切尔卡逊（Rachel Carson）出版了寂寞的春天一书，指出了农业生产中不合理的农药使用引起的严重生态环境危害，
49、提出解决危机的可行办法是选择发展循环经济。1965年和1966年美国学者博尔丁（KennethEwertBoulding）接连发表两篇影响深远的论文（EarthasaSpaceship;TheEconomicsof the Coming Spaceship Earth），认为地球就像太空中飞行的宇宙飞船，其生存是以不断消耗有限的资源为基础的，如果不合理地开发资源，环境将遭到破坏，地球就会不可避免地走向毁灭。鉴于此他提出了“物质闭环流动型经济”，即循环经济的理念。上世纪80年代，循环经济理论日益成熟，逐渐为人们所接受并迅速在国外付诸实践。90年代循环经济思想传入我国，目前循环经济的定义众多，影响较大的是由马凯提出的定义：循环经济是一种以资源的高效利用和循环利用为核心，以“简量化、再利
