1、1/73Literature Selection TD/Q&ATable of Contents1.0 PART ONE:ENGLISH LITERATURE.31.1 THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD.31.1.1 William Shakespeare.31.1.2 John Milton.81.1.3 Miscellaneous.91.2 THE NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD.111.2.1 Daniel Defoe.111.2.2 Jonathan Swift.121.2.3 Henry Fielding.141.2.4 Miscellaneous.141.3 T
2、HE ROMANTIC PERIOD.151.3.1 William Blake.211.3.2 William Wordsword.231.3.3 Percy Bysshe Shelley.211.3.4 Jane Austen.231.3.5 Miscellaneous.241.4 THE VICTORIAN PERIOD.251.4.1 Charles Dickens.251.4.2 Charlotte Bronte.271.4.3 Thomas Hardy.291.4.4 Miscellaneous.321.5 THE MODERN PERIOD.331.5.1 George Bern
3、ard Shaw.331.5.2 T.S.Eliot.351.5.3 D.H.Lawrence.361.5.4 Miscellaneous.372.0 PART TWO:AMERICAN LITERATURE.392.1 THE ROMANTIC PERIOD.392.1.1 Nathaniel Hawthorne.392.1.2 Walt Whitman.412.1.3 Herman Melville.442.1.4 Miscellaneous.462.2 THE REALISTIC PERIOD.482.2.1 Mark Twain.482.2.2 Henry James.502.2.3
4、Emily Dickinson.512.2.4 Theodore Dreiser.542.2.5 Miscellaneous.562.3 THE MODERN PERIOD.602.3.1 Robert Lee Frost.602/73Literature Selection TD/Q&A2.3.2 F.Scott Fitzgerald.622.3.3 Ernest Hemingway.642.3.4 William Faulkner.672.3.5 Miscellaneous.69编者注：英美文学选读可以说既难又容易，说它难是因为内容多，学习的过程中找不对方法就会很难，如果方法对了就很容易通
5、过考试。与其叫英美文学选读，不如叫英美学简史，仅仅是为了考试，考生完全可以不用看里面提到的文学作品和课本上节选的文章。本课程有 40分的选择题，做上十几份模拟题后，在选择题拿 30分应该不是问题。后面有60分的简答、问答和论述题，熟读本总结可以帮助考生获取其中的 40分。这样，经过短暂的努力后，考生在这个科目就可以拿到 70分以上。本总结的绝大部分题目和答案都取自历年真题，有些真题没有提供参考答案，只好自己找了，也有少部分题目根据课本的考试大纲整理而成，总之，力求把主观题作全面深入的覆盖。有一句西方谚语：“有一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特。”诚然，每个读者对于同一个作品都会有不尽相同的理解，但是
6、考试的标准答案只会有一个，无论同意与否，为了分数只能这样作答。此总结按照考试大纲提及的作家顺序逐一整理，不属于具体某一作家的部分放在杂项里。通过 Ctrl+Click 就可以从目录直接跳转到相应作家的页面，相当方便。总结了历年真题，会发现有些题目反复出现，偶尔也会换个马甲。在众多题目中无法就是关注作家的作品和写作上的主题结构、语言风格、艺术手法、人物刻画、社会意义等几方面内容。因此在备考阶段需要清楚知道每个作家有什么代表作，和以上提到的几方面内容。部分相对生僻的单词已经加注了音标和注解，由于时间关系，工程只完成到第 20页。哥已经解脱了，祝阅读这份总结的童鞋顺利过关。水平有限，错误在所难免，欢
7、迎有心人继续补充和更新此总结。By EvenAug-07-2014Comment C1:美fll adj.孝顺的；子女的，当做子女的Comment C2:美pati n.虔诚；孝敬；虔诚的行为或语言Comment C3:美jldaz vt.颂扬；称赞Comment C4:美fklti n.科，系；能力；全体教员Comment C5:美bst adj.不断侵袭的，不断攻击的 v.困扰；镶嵌（beset 的 ing 形式）Comment C6:美,kntmplen n.沉思；注视；意图Comment C7:美sllkwi n.独白；自言自语3/73Literature Selection TD/Q
8、&A1.0 Part One:English Literature1.1 The Renaissance Period1.1.1 William Shakespeare38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems.1.1.1.1 Hamlet is the first of the great tragedies.It is generally regarded as Shakespeares most popular play on the stage,because it has the qualities of a“blood-and thunder”thr
9、iller and a philosophical exploration of life and death.Try to give a brief comment on the theme of Shakespeares Hamlet.(?,TD)A.Shakespeare depicts the image of Hamlet as a Renaissance humanist to embody the dramatists own ideals,personal ideal,and social and political one.B.In Hamlets case,first an
10、d foremost is his own personal ideal,that of filial piety and a strong sense of justice that demands revenge.But he has his social and political ideals too.On the one hand,he eulogizes the infinite capabilities of man:“What a piece of work is man;how noble in reason!How infinite in faculty!”On the o
11、ther hand he sees and hopes to get rid of the social evils besetting human beings,as he speaks of a“sea of troubles.”C.So Hamlet engages himself in personal revenge but at the same time intends to set right the“time”that is“out of joint.”The burden of these duties makes Hamlet a man of contemplation
12、 rather than of action,which leads to the soliloquies revealing the inner working of his mind.Then,the struggle between good and evil dominatively controls the scene of Hamlets tragedy,a tragedy of a humanist who is always to see and construct a better world.1.1.1.2 What s the theme of Shakespeare s
13、 great tragedy Hamlet?(201207,Q&A)(Refer to above question)A.Shakespeares tragedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.The heroes have some weaknesses in their ch
14、aracters,which finally lead to their tragic falls.B.Shakespeare puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance.He has an unbounded love for the world,nature and man;he loves good,hates evil,and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions,he shows a contempt for rank and wea
15、lth;he is a Comment C8:美,vstlti n.多功能性；多才多艺；用途广泛Comment C9:美mlnkli adj.忧郁的；使人悲伤的 n.忧郁；悲哀；愁思Comment C10:美rmpnt adj.猖獗的；蔓延的；狂暴的；奔放的Comment C11:美mrli adv.仅仅，只不过；只是Comment C12:美knd n.造币；金融 货币制度；新造的字及其语等Comment C13:美dstrn n.变形；物 失真；扭曲；曲解Comment C14:a4/73Literature Selection TD/Q&Aman of genius,highly acc
16、omplished and educated;he is a scholar,soldier,and statesman.His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance.His weakness is his melancholy,but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action,Hamlet still retains his active energy.His learning,wisdom,noble nature,limitation and trage
17、dy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.C.Hamlet is themed around revenge.When Hamlets father is killed,he devotes his life to avenging his death.After much thought over the matter,Hamlet enters a state of depression.Revenge runs so rampant throughout th
18、e entire royal family,that each of them are dead by the end of the play.1.1.1.3 Briefly discuss William Shakespeares artistic achievements in characterization,plot construction and language.(200904,TD)A.Shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones;they are individua
19、ls,representing certain types.By employing a psychoanalytical approach,Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world.Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs.Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.B.Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot;instead,h
20、e borrows them from old plays or storybook,from ancient Greek or Roman sources.In order to make the play more lively and compact,he would shorten the time and intensify the story.There are usually several clues running through the play,thus providing the story with the suspense and apprehension.C.Sh
21、akespeare can write skillfully in different poetic forms,such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet.He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom.His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old words also creates striking efforts on the readers.1.1.1.4 William Sha
22、kespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights the world has ever known.Name his four greatest tragedies and summarize the characteristics of the four tragedies in common.(200607,Q&A)A.Shakespeares four greatest tragedies are:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and Macbeth.B.Each portrays some noble hero,w
23、ho faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.1.1.1.5 William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights the Comment C15:美dlem n.困境；进退两难；两刀论法Comment C16:美trtri n.背叛；变节；背叛行为Comment C17:n.无信仰
24、，不信神；背信Comment C18:美lst n.性欲；强烈的欲望 vi.贪求，渴望Comment C19:美st n.搅拌；轰动 vt.搅拌；激起；惹起 vi.搅动；传播；走动Comment C20:美stim vt.尊敬；认为；考虑；估价 n.尊重；尊敬Comment C21:美dsaz vt.掩饰；假装；隐瞒 n.伪装；假装；用作伪装的东西 过去式 disguised 过去分词disguised 现在分词 disguising 5/73Literature Selection TD/Q&Aworld has ever know.1)Name his four greatest trag
25、edies.2)What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common?3)Briefly summarize each heros weakness of nature.(200704,Q&A)A.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and Macbeth.B.They have some characteristics in common.Each portrays a noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a dif
26、ficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.C.Each hero has his weakness of nature:Hamlet,the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind;Othellos inner weakness is taken advantage of by the outside evil force;the old king Lear,unwi
27、lling to totally give up his power,makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity;and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to crimes.With the concentration on the tragic hero,Shakespeare dramatizes the whole word around the hero.Along with the portrayal of the weakness of
28、the hero,we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society.1.1.1.6 The following passage is taken from The Merchant of Venice.Read it carefully and find the dramatic it contains.Use it as an example to illustrate what dramatic irony is.“Bassanio:Antonio,I am married
29、 to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself,my wife,and all world,Are not with me esteemd above thy life;I would lose all,ay,sacrifice them allHere to this devil,to deliver you.Portia:Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.”(2003
30、04,Q&A)A.When the audience is aware of a discrepancy between a characters perception of his or her own situation and the true nature of that situation,that is dramatic irony.B.In the given example,Portia,Bassanio s newly-married wife,disguised herself as the lawyer to take charge of the case.Portia
31、herself and the audience know all this,but Bassanio is ignorant of it.So when Bassanio offers in front of his disguised wife to sacrifice her in order to deliver Antonio,he makes himself behave in a ridiculous way in the eyes of the audience.Thus and effect of dramatic irony is achieved.1.1.1.7 What
32、 is the theme of Shakespeares play“The Merchant of Venice”?(Unknown,Q&A)A.Primary answer:a)This is a great irony and comedy.The script is the subject of Comment C22:美msnri adj.雇佣的；唯利是图的 n.雇佣兵；唯利是图者 复数 mercenaries Comment C23:美rls adj.无情的，残忍的 比较级 more ruthless 最高级 most ruthless Comment C24:美hlkst n.大
33、屠杀；毁灭Comment C25:美sta n.讽刺；讽刺文学，讽刺作品Comment C26:美brtlti n.无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式）复数brutalities Comment C27:美,vrs adj.贪婪的；贪得无厌的6/73Literature Selection TD/Q&Apraise love,friendship and love,At the same time also reflects the business of early capitalism and the bourgeoisie sharks conflict between the perfor
34、mance of the authors of bourgeois society,money,Legal and religious issues such as the humanistic ideas.b)It plays an important literary achievement,this Shylock is the shape of the mercenary,Ruthless typical image of sharksB.Secondary answer:a)In his romantic comedies,Shakespeare takes an optimisti
35、c attitude toward love and youth,and the romantic elements are brought into full play.The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice.b)The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty,wit
36、and loyalty,and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.But after centuries abusing of the Jews,especially the holocaust committed by the Nail Germany during the Second World War,it is very difficult to see Shylock as a conventional evil figure.And many people today tend to regard th
37、e play as a satire of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love,their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against JewsC.Other answer:a)To praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beaut
38、y,wit and loyalty,and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.1.1.1.8 Give a brief analysis of Shylock,a character in Shakespeares play,The Merchant of Venice.A.Shylock is a Jewish usurer,and he is a tragic-comic character in the play.a)He is comic because he finally becomes the one
39、punished by his own evil deed.He is a typical merchant to be made fun of.He is avaricious.He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money.He is also cruel.In order to revenge,he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back
40、 his loan.b)On the other hand,Shylock is also a tragic figure.He is the victim of the society.He is a Jew.As a minor nationality,he is not treated equally by the society.The law is harsh to him.He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect himself.He is abused by Antonio,and therefore,h
41、e wants to get revenge.1.1.1.9 The theme of Shakespeares Sonnet 18.Comment C28:(Gratino:安东尼奥与巴萨尼奥的朋友)“狠心的犹太人，你不是在鞋口上磨刀，你这把刀是放在你的心口上磨；无论哪种铁器，就连刽子手的刚到都赶不上你这刻毒的心肠一半锋利。”Comment C29:美pn vi.说双关语；说俏皮话 n.双关语；俏皮话 vt.捣实敲打Comment C30:Expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.?Irony?7/73Literature Se
42、lection TD/Q&AA.A nice summers day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever1.1.1.10 And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought.(Shakespeare,Hamlet)A.What does the native hue of resolution mean?determination(determinedness,action,activity,.)B.
43、What does the pale cast of thought stand for?consideration(indecision,inactivity,hesitation,.)C.What idea do the two lines express?Too much thinking(consideration,.)made(makes)activity(action)impossible.1.1.1.11“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew,Thou makst thy knife keen;but no metal can,No,
44、not the hangmans axe,bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy.”A.Identify the author and the title of the play from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare,The Merchant of Venice.B.What figure of speech is used in this quoted passage?PunC.What idea does the passage express?1.1.1.12“Nor lose poss
45、ession of that fair thou owst:Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst;So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.”A.Identify the author and the title of the poem.Shakespeares Sonnet 18B.What does the wor
46、d“this”in the last line refer to?“This”refers to the poem.C.What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry,you are even with time.A nice summers day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.D.What does“lines”mean?“lines”means the lines of the poem and o
47、ther sonnets.E.Interpret the poem briefly.A nice summers day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.1.1.1.13“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Comment C31:美p,snfken n.人格化；化身；拟人法（一种修辞手法）；象征8/73Literature Selection TD/Q&ARough winds
48、do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:”AIdentify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.Shakespeares Sonnet 18BName the figure of speech employed in the poem.PersonificationCWhat is the theme of the poem?A nice summers day is usually transi
49、ent,but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.1.1.1.14“To be,or not to bethat is the question;Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?”A.Identify the author and the title of the passage fr
50、om which this part is taken.William Shakespeare,Hamlet B.Explain the meaning of“To be,or not to be”To live on in this world or to die,to suffer or to take action.C.How you understand the last lines?To take up arms against troubles that sweep upon us like a sea.1.1.1.15 For herein Fortune shows herse
