1、翻译技巧3：词序的调整,英汉两种语言中主要成分的语序大体一致，皆遵循“主语+谓语+宾语（或表语）的规则。但由于表达习惯和排列规则上存在种种差异，两种语言在词序方面还有许多不同之处，这就要求在英汉翻译中对词序加以必要的调整或改变，以便使译文更加通顺、自然。下面着重探讨英汉翻译中需要调整词序的几种情况：定语、壮语、插入语、倒装结构、平行成分。,定语词序的调整 英语中的定语既可以由单词担当，也可以由短语 或从句充任，既可以置于所修饰的中心词之前， 又可以位于所修饰的中心词之后。汉语的定语一 般放在所修饰的中心词之前。,This is the only reference book available
2、 here on the subject.The neighbors upstairs came to his rescue and drove him to the hospital.,这是这里唯一能找到的有关该题目的参考书。,楼上的邻居赶来帮助他，开车把他送往了医院。,He wanted to get someone reliable to help with the work.Everybody present was deeply moved.He was one of the earliest English grammarians who paid attention to thi
3、s problem.,在场的每个人深受感动。,他想找一个可靠的人帮忙做这项工作。,他是最早注意到这一问题的英语语法学家之一。,壮语词序的调整英语壮语的位置非常灵活。而按照汉语的表达习惯，壮语壮语往往前置。,I remember having seen him somewhere.He is a responsible man in spite of his shortcomings.There isnt such a word in English so far as I know.Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.,我记得在哪
4、儿见过他。,他尽管有缺点，却是一个负责的人。,据我所知，英语里并没有这样一个词。,万一有什么困难，请给我一个信。,一个句子中同时出现几个壮语时的词序调整 英语： 方式壮语-地点壮语-时间壮语 汉语： 时间壮语-地点壮语-方式壮语,They heatedly discussed the subject in the classroom yesterday evening.2004年6月3日上午10时，她出生于中国河南省郑州市。,他们昨晚在教室热烈地讨论了这个题目。,She was born at ten in the morning, June 3, 2004, in Zhengzhou Cit
5、y, Henan Province, China.,插入语词序的调整 插入语通常与句中其它成分在语法上并无十分密切的联系，将其省却的句子仍然成立。插入语一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开，常用来对全句加以补充说明或表达个人看法。其在句中的位置较灵活。,She is not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.There were eighteen people present, to be precise.,如果我可以这样说的话，她做这工作不怎么太合适。,确切地说，出席的有18人。,倒装句词序的调整根据汉语的表达习惯，有些英语倒装句仍可基
6、本保持原文的词序。但在很多情况下需对原有的词序加以调整，以便使译文更加地道自然。,Something we gladly remember; others we gladly forget.Our society has changed and so have the people in it.Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.,有些事情我们高兴牢记，有些事，我们乐得忘却。,社会变了，人也变了。,他还没说完，就有人起来驳斥他的论点。,并列成分的词序调整英语中并列成分的词序一般按照逻辑上的轻重、前后、因果或
7、部分-整体的顺序安排，而汉语通常将较大、较强、较突出的成分前置。,elementary and secondary schools 中小学heal the wounded and rescue the dying 救死扶伤food, clothing, shelter and transportation 衣食住行,英语同汉语在句法结构与造句规则上差异很大。英语重形合，其连接手段丰富多样。一方面可以利用介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语以及各种并列结构，组成很长的单句，另一方面还可以使用相应的连接词或关系词，将适当的分句或小句组合成更长的复合句或复杂句。汉语更注意意合，汉语没有词形变化，较少使用连
8、接词，较多使用动词。在表达比较复杂的概念时，汉语常用一组分立的中短句、并列的散句或流水句。总的说来，汉语句子一般要比英语句子简短,分译和合译,1.She has made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.2. She is very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.,她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。,她在家很忙，又要看孩子，又要下厨房。,反
9、译法（反面着笔法）,英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。,相当难 quite difficult不很容易 not very easy不遗余力 spare no effort竭尽全力 do ones utmost完全一致 just the same毫无二致 without the slightest difference,英汉翻译时常常采用正译法，即以肯定译肯定、以否定译否定（英语中的“no ”或 “not”以及一些带有否定词缀的词译成汉语里的“不”、“非”、“无”、“没有”、“未”、“否”等）。但是由于英汉表达习惯的巨大差异，正译法有时并非切实可行。这时，英语中的肯定形式可以
10、甚至必须译成汉语中的否定形式，而英语中的否定形式却宜译作汉语中的肯定形式，这就是反译法。,Wet Paint!Keep Upright!,油漆未干！,切勿倒置！,I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.,我读过你的文章，但没料想你这样年轻。,1、肯定译作否定,I regret to learn that you have failed in the examination.She missed the point of his joke.On Sunday Jim idles away his time.You
11、may safely say so.,得知你未能通过考试，深表遗憾。,她没有听懂他讲的笑话。,星期天吉姆无所事事。,你这样说错不了。,Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.Julia continued to look absently at the sea.The explanation is pretty thin.These official documents shall form an integral part of this contract.,时间是我们最需要的，但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。,朱丽亚一直心不在焉地
12、看着大海。,这种解释的理由很不充分。,这些正式文件必须作为合同不可分割的组成部分。,It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were givenout.He is beyond doubt an enterprising young man.It will generally be found that the men who are habituallybehind time are as habitually behind success. Youd better write down his address now before
13、 you forget it.,甚至只要有一点风声泄露出去，其结果就不堪设想。,无疑，他是一位有进取心的青年人。,人们通常看到，习惯不准时的人通常也不会成功。,趁还没有忘记，你最好现在就把他的地址写下来。,Until she spoke I hadnt realized she was foreign.Wear your coat or youll catch cold.A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs can create problems.The escaped criminal is still at
14、 large.,她要是不说话，我还一直不知道她是外国人。,穿上大衣，不然你会着凉的。,不注意文化差异或当地习俗可能会产生问题。,逃犯仍未捉拿归案。,I was at a loss to understand what he alluded to.The hotel was anything but satisfactory.Its human nature to want something better.I am wiser than to believe such stories.,我无法领会他谈话中所指的是什么？,这家旅馆太不让人满意了。,人总是不满足于现状。,我不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎
15、言。,2、否定译作肯定,The boss could fire any employee who had ever displeased him.Bill is too indecisive to make a good leader.There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst.Her escape was nothing short of miraculous.,老板可以开除任何曾得罪他的雇员。,比尔优柔寡断，当不了好领导。,矿泉水是解渴的最好饮料。,她的脱险可以说是一个奇迹。,For many years there
16、was no closeness between the two countries.,两国关系曾疏远了许多年。,有些句子正译、反译皆可,Much to our regret the packing of the landed goods is quitedifferent from that you have promised.They have found your terms and conditions agreeable.,十分遗憾，到货的包装与贵方承诺的相差很大/大不相同。,他们同意你方条款。/ 他们对你方条款没有异议。,Exercise,He treats his sick wi
17、fe poorly.2. Appearances are deceptive.3.His refusal is not final.4.This question is far from being complicated.5.To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse.6. The project is yet all in the air.,他待他有病的妻子不好。,外貌是靠不住的。,他的拒绝并非不可改变。,这个问题一点也不复杂。,说你不知道这些规则不能成为借口。,这个计划尚未落实。,A good salesman is never
18、at a loss for words.The system of water supply in the city leaves much to be desired.The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.Tom manifested a strong dislike for some of the pop stars.But Smith had no lack of supporters.,一个好的推销员永远不会找不到话说的。,这个城市的自来水供应系统很不完善。,虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。,汤姆对某些流
19、行歌曲明星表现出强烈的厌恶情绪。,史密斯有许多支持者。,被动语态译法,英语被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。英语被动结构能给读者以间接客观、不带个人感情色彩的印象，因而在科技文献、政论文章和新闻报道等中使用尤为频繁。国外有关语言学研究表明，在英语理工科教科书的全部谓语动词中，至少有三分之一为被动语态。而被动语态在汉语中的使用范围要窄小的多。 汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被”“受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、“由”、“把”、“为所”、“加以”、“予以”，等等。汉语中多数被动意义并不一定非得通过被动句式表达。因此英语被动语态并不都是用“被”字句来译。例如：,That young ma
20、n cannot be relied upon.The secretary was thrown into confusion by the unexpectedreturn of her boss.,秘书由于老板出乎意料地归来而陷入惶惑不安之中。,根据汉语的表达习惯，英语被动语态译成汉语主要有以下三种方法：顺译法、转换法、增补法。,1、顺译法：指翻译时原文的主语在译文中仍然充当主语,那位年轻人不可信赖。,Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.He had been fired for refusing to obey orders f
21、rom the headoffice.Problems should be solved in good time.History is made by the people.,水能从液体变为固体。,他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。,问题应及时加以解决。,历史是人民创造的。,Everything in the world is made up of atoms.He was recommended by two renowned professors of math.,世界万物是由原子构成的。,他是经两位著名的数学家推荐的。,2、转换法：指将原句中的某个成分转译成其他成分，以使译文更加符合
22、汉语的表达习惯。,Tom was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even thoughhe had always thought of himself as an “ Independent”.,所有人都把汤姆看作共和党人，尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”。,The students were given a lecture on atomic energy by the specialist.She does not know what was aimed at in these examinations.The compass was in
23、vented in China four thousand years ago.,专家给学生作了有关原子能的讲演。,她不知道这些考试要达到什么目的。,中国在4000年前发明了指南针。,3、增补法：若英语被动句没有表示施动者的现成词语，有不宜将其他成分转译成主语， 那么翻译时，可以依据逻辑意义增译某些泛指性词语作主语，这些词语包括“人们”、“大家”、“有人”、“我们”，等等。,Do not be surprised if you are offered milk, coffee or soda with a meal.She was seen to enter the building abou
24、t the time the crimewas committed.If you are asked personal questions, you need not answer them.,用餐时如果人家给你牛奶、咖啡或汽水，你用不着诧异。,有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。,如果有人向你提出有关私事的问题，你尽可不管。,以it作形式主语的被动语态句型的习惯译法,It is assumed thatIt must be pointed out thatIt should be noted thatIt is reported thatIt has been proved thatIt
25、 will be seen from this that,假设/假定,必须指出,应当指出,据报道,业已证明,由此可见,It is admitted that It is asserted thatIt is believed thatIt is claimed thatIt is felt thatIt is found out that,人们/大家承认,有人主张/断言,有人相信/认为,有人主张/宣称,有人感到/认为,人们发现,以it作形式主语的被动语态句型的习惯译法,It is known thatIt is noticed thatIt is regarded thatIt is said
26、 thatIt is stressed that,众所周知/大家知道,人们注意到/指出,人们认为,据说,有人强调说,It is suggested thatIt is taken thatIt is thought thatIt was told that,有人建议,有人/人们认为,有人/人们认为,有人曾说,汉译英练习,如果我是他，我就会尽最大的努力按时完成任务。 我们必须带雨衣，以防天下雨。 他的工作就是保持二层的所有教室的清洁。,If I were him, I would try my best to accomplish the task on time.,We must take r
27、aincoat in case it rains.,His work is to keep all the classrooms clean on the second floor.,英译汉练习,Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world. 2.We cannot help asking whether sandstorm is a pure natural phenomenon over which we have no control.3.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.,文化就是了解世界上最好的思想和语言。,我们不禁要问沙尘暴是否是一种我们无法控制的纯粹的自然现象。,如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有害物质，也会引起严重的疾病。,
