1、从木兰看中西文化的差异与融合-对大学生跨文化意识的调查研究摘 要:花木兰是中国传统文化中的一个传奇女性形象，南北朝民歌木兰辞记录了中国最早的木兰故事，宣扬了中国的忠与孝的思想。千百年来，木兰这一在中国早已成为家喻户晓的形象，一直被视为巾帼英雄的代表。近代女革命家秋瑾曾引用她的典故入诗，“谁说女子不如男？”、“巾帼不让须眉”成了中国家长激励女儿最常用的话语.可见，中国人是非常推崇花木兰的英雄事迹的，有趣的是在中国,花木兰并没有延续自己抗击匈奴的符号意义，却成了最古典式的女性形象。 1998 年，根据木兰故事改编的迪士尼动画木兰，在尊重原著的基础上，重新刻画了花木兰这一女性形象，她不再只是传统意义
2、上的孝女，更是一个敢于追求自我，最终实现自我价值的新时代女性。中国的花木兰在迪士尼的重塑下，认同和保留了中国传统文化，同时又融入了美国文化。本文引言部分首先简单介绍了跨文化交际与跨文化意识的重要性，并以迪士尼影片木兰为例，分析了本次对大学生跨文化意识调查的目的。第二部分对相关概念进行了界定，并对国内外有关跨文化交际的研究现状作了梳理，对目前电影中的跨文化交际现状进行了简单回顾。第三部分分析了迪士尼影片木兰中反映出的中美文化的差异与融合。本文主要从女性主义的视角出发，以中国传统的木兰辞与迪士尼影片中木兰为例，通过对比分析花木兰这一形象，从忠孝之道与自我追求、男尊女卑与女性主义、传统相亲与自由恋爱
3、三方面介绍了中美文化的差异，然后总结了中美文化的融合，即电影木兰从中国文化中汲取了大量素材，体现了中国传统的诸多特点。第四部分通过对运城学院外语系，中文系和数学系大四学生进行问卷调查，并主要从三方面进行调查研究，大学生现有的跨文化交际知识，电影对学习中西方文化差异的的影响以及大学生所持有的跨文化价值观。第五部分对研究结果进行分析，对目前大学生的跨文化现状作了详细的分析。通过调查研究，发现跨文化意识对大学生跨文化交际的影响。受电影中西文化冲突与融合以及调查研究的影响，对大学生跨文化交际提出三点要求：（1）注重平时积累，增强对文化感的认识；（2）提高普通话水平，更好地学习、把握中国文化；（3）要树
4、立开放意识，努力提高跨文化交际能力最后针对本次研究进行了总结，重申本次研究的意义。中西文化因差异而存在碰撞，在碰撞中又相互融合。因此，在跨文化交际中，大家要认真学习、研究、吸收不同文化，以积极的姿态了解、学习、尊重文化的差异，从而使得跨文化交际可以有效地进行。关键词：花木兰；文化差异与融合；女性形象；大学生；跨文化意识The Cultural Differences and Integration in Mulan-An Investigation on College Students Intercultural AwarenessAbstract: Mulan is a legendary
5、 female image in Chinese traditional culture. The earliest story of Mulan, which is recorded in The Ballad of Mulan in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, promotes Chinese traditional thoughts of loyalty and filial piety, namely，Zhong and Xiao. For thousands of years, Mulan, a famous househol
6、d image in Chinese peoples eyes, has been regarded as a representative of Chinese Heroine. Modern female revolutionary Qiu Jin quoted her allusion into poetry, “who says women are no inferior to men?”, “Women are not outdone by men”, which have already become the common words that Chinese parents us
7、e to encourage their daughters. So, Chinese people extremely respect Huas real deeds. However, it is interesting that Hua Mulan is not regarded as a Chinese symbol of a fighting hero, but still a traditional Chinese woman.In 1998, based on the original work, Disney made its own cartoon film Mulan, w
8、hich rewrote the image of Hua Mulan. She is not only a filial daughter, but also a modern female who dare to pursue herself and finally achieve self-value in her life. Under the creation of Disney company, the foreign image of Mulan has retained elements of traditional Chinese culture and also made
9、some transformations. At the same time, Disneys Mulan has also embedded the American culture into the movie.The introduction part introduces briefly the modern development of intercultural communication，as well as the differences between Chinese and western culture in Disneys film Mulan, and i
10、llustrates the purpose of the study.The second part defines some related conceptions, reviews the modern state of intercultural communication, and previous studies of intercultural communications on films.The third part summarizes the cultural differences and integration reflected in Mulan. From the
11、 perspective of feminist, this paper introduces Chinese and American cultural differences from three aspects, the loyalty and filial piety vs. self-realization, gender discrimination vs. feminism, and traditional blind data vs. free love by comparing the image of Hua Mulan in both Chinese traditiona
12、l The Ballad of Mulan and Disneys Mulan. Then, it summarizes the cultural integration that Mulan draws a large amount of material from Chinese culture, embodying the characteristics of ancient China.The fourth part introduces the research object, research questions and research method. The fifth par
13、t analyses the finding results. Through the investigation, the paper carefully analyzes the modern state of college students intercultural awareness and finds the influence of Chinese and western cultural differences in the process of the intercultural communication. So it needs countermeasures: (1)
14、 Focusing on the normal accumulation and enhancing the cultural perceptions; (2) Improving the level of Mandarin and having better understanding of Chinese culture; (3) Cultivating intercultural consciousness and improving the ability of intercultural communication. Finally, according to the study,
15、it reiterates the significance of this research. Chinese and western cultures collide and coalesce. Therefore, in the intercultural communication, people should study different cultures and understand and respect cultural differences so as to ensure the effectiveness of intercultural communication.K
16、ey words: Hua Mulan; Cultural differences and integration; Feminist; College students; Intercultural awarenessContents1. Introduction.11.1 The Importance of Intercultural Communication and Awareness .11.2 The Purpose of the Research.12. Literature Review .22.1 Definitions of intercultural communicat
17、ion .22.2 Previous Studies of Intercultural Communications on Films .33. Cultural Differences and Integration in Mulan .43.1 Cultural Differences Reflected in Mulan.43.2 Cultural Integration Reflected in Mulan.144 Research Design .184.1 Research Object.184.2 Research Questions .184.3 Research Method
18、 .185. Data Analysis and Discussion.185.1 An Analysis of the Students Intercultural Awareness Sensitivity .195.2 The function of the film on learning Chinese and western culture .215.3 Collectivism vs. Individualism .225.4 Findings and Suggestions.245.5 The Limitations of the Research.246. Conclusio
19、n .25Bibliography .27Acknowlegements.29Appendix .3011. Introduction1.1 The Importance of Intercultural Communication and AwarenessA Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said, “She is beautiful.”Also, out of courtesy, the man replied with what he
20、 would have done in Chinese under the circumstance, “Where! Where!” Then, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!”Have you ever seen such a scene? Why can it happen? Because there are some communicat
21、ing barriers between people from different background and different cultures. With the development of modern science and technology, the world has become a global village and people from different countries and nations communicate with each other more and more frequently. Now, China has been in WTO
22、for several years and is playing an important part in the whole world. So there is no doubt that we Chinese are encountering and contacting with foreign people more often, even for common people. But in contact with the foreign guests, though we can communicate with them in the foreign language, we
23、may find it difficult or impossible to make the communication go smoothly and sometimes there will even be misunderstandings due to the different cultural awareness. Thus we can see that intercultural communication is becoming more and more important in our daily life, so is intercultural awareness.
24、1.2 The Purpose of the ResearchWe all learned The Ballad of Mulan in our junior school, at that time the researcher admired her. But she didnt know why she had so many feelings. And later, when she gradually grew up, she began to know that Mulan is a heroine in her heart. Mulan is brave enough to jo
25、in in the army instead of her father. Mulan is competent enough to beat the enemy and made great contributions to her country. Mulan is also loyal to the country and filial to her parents. But later, when the researcher saw Disney film Mulan, she was puzzled. Why did Mulan wear a T-shirt and a pair
26、of shorts in the beginning? Why did the emperor 2bow to her at last? All in all, the researcher has a lot of similar questions. Now she is access to graduate. She thinks of her questions again. But this time, she has known a lot after four years study in Foreign Languages Department. Her answer is t
27、hat there are a lot of differences between Chinese and American culture. Today, she wants to remind people of the differences and integration in Mulan and she also has a great interest in our modern state of Intercultural awareness, so she prepared this investigation.2. Literature ReviewThis part in
28、troduces the definitions of intercultural communication and a review for the previous research of intercultural communication on films.2.1 Definitions of Intercultural Communication The phenomenon of intercultural communication has existed since ancient time, but intercultural communication is not e
29、stablished as a separate subject until the mid-20th century. In 1959, the American anthropologist Hall issued the Silent Language. This work first proposed the concept of intercultural communication, and the publication of this work marked the birth of intercultural communication in academic w
30、orld. Since then, a growing number of scholars have been engaged in intercultural communication studies. Many influential intercultural communication books got published. Regarding the definition of the intercultural communication, different scholars put forward their own different views. Samovar an
31、d Porters point of view emphasizes intercultural communication occurs among people of different cultural backgrounds. Samovar and Porter (1999:19) point out that: “Studies in intercultural communication examine what happens in intercultural contacts and interactions when the communication process in
32、volves culturally diverse people”. Hu Wenzhong（1999:23) gave the definition to intercultural communication like this: “Intercultural communication is the process when people from various cultural backgrounds interacted with each other.” From Hus views, we can see that intercultural communication is
33、a widespread social phenomenon and cultural phenomenon, and it occurs among people of different cultural backgrounds. 3At the same time, some universities in the United States set up an intercultural communication course (Hu Wenzhong 1999). Since the intercultural communication studies were introduc
34、ed in China from the 1980s, it has developed rapidly. In recent years, many scholars studied Chinese and Western cultures, and explained them from the cross-cultural perspectives (Wang Fengyuan 2010: 146-148; Qin Jianhua 2006；Wang Junxia 2007：192-193；Gu Jiazu 2000).2.2 Definitions of Intercult
35、ural AwarenessIntercultural awareness is a quality that enables people to achieve a multicultural mind-set. It can be defined as a “positive drive to accommodate, understand, and appreciate cultural differences in promoting an appropriate and effective behavior in intercultural communication”(Chen &
36、nbsp;thus, it is intimately connected with the concept of autonomy. As an ethical-political concept, individualism upholds the supremacy of individual rights .“ - Nathaniel BrandenEvery culture has its own unique system of values which can help people differentiate well from evil and can help people
37、 equal their Life Philosophy, ethics and code of conduct. Each culture has its rationality for existence which cannot be classified as superior or inferior one. The core of traditional Chinese culture is Confucianism, which emphasizes the development of the human spirit, as well as groups. It means
38、people in China uphold collectivism, and they think that collective is more important. The Western culture advocates individualism, and it relates to the development of history. Children in America are encouraged to decide by themselves, do their own things and solve their own problems. The parents purpose in raising a child is to stand on his or her own feet, which is ready to move
