1、Sanitary Management of Livestock and Meat Products Food Safety 2 Meat for human consumption is mainly derived from artificial feeding animals (e.g. pigs, cattle, lamb), poultry (chicken, duck, goose) and other animal foods. Meat products are meat and part of the offal and other by-products of proces
2、sing, such as cured meat (salted meat, ham, bacon, duck, phoenix chicken, etc.), dried (meat pine, dried meat, etc.), enema (sausage, red sausage, tripe, etc.) and cooked meat (brined meat, barbecued pork, delicatessen meat, roast chicken, duck). Sanitary management of livestock and meat products 3
3、Zoonotic diseases; Zoonotic parasitic diseases; Handling of dead meat in unknown circumstances; Contamination by pesticides, antibiotics, etc. Sanitary management of livestock and meat products 4 1. Aphtae Epizooticae The pathogen is the foot-and-mouth disease virus; Aphtae epizooticae is an acute i
4、nfectious disease of artiodactyl animals such as pigs, cattle and sheep, and is a highly contagious human-zoonotic disease. The disease is characterized by increased body temperature, blisters or rotten spots on the mucous membranes of the mouth, gums, surface of the tongue and edges of the nasal wi
5、ngs, linear blemishes on the corners of the mouth and typical blisters on the crown and fork of the hoof. 5 Aphtae Epizooticae All livestock diagnosed or suspected to be suffering from aphtae epizooticae should be Immediately slaughtered, in order to prevent the spread of the disease from its source
6、. Meat, offal and by-products of diseased animals with elevated body temperatures should be treated at high temperatures. Sick animals with normal body temperature can remove bone, flesh and viscera, after the process of ripening, that is, at 05 48h or 6 above 30h, or 1012 24h harmless treatment bef
7、ore consumption. Tools, clothing, slaughterhouses, etc. that have come into contact with sick animals should be strictly disinfected. 6 2. Exanthema Vesieulosa Suum The pathogen is a filterable virus that only attacks pigs. The pathway of infection in pigs and humans is dominated by contact infectio
8、ns. The disease is endemic in areas where livestock are concentrated and dispatched frequently. The symptoms of pigs with infectious blistering dermatitis are indistinguishable from those of aphtae epizooticae and rely mainly on laboratory diagnosis. Sick animal meat treatment: sick pigs and the sam
9、e herd of pigs shoulded be urgently slaughtered; sick pig meat carcass, offal and by-products (including head, hoof, blood, bone, etc.) should be treated by high temperature before leaving the factory, fur must also be disinfected after leaving the factory. Slaughterhouses, tools, workers clothing s
10、hould be thoroughly disinfected. 7 3. Pestis Suum Pestis suum, erysipelas suum, swine hemorrhagic sep-ticaemia are three common swine infectious diseases caused by swine fever virus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus haemorrhagic septicemia. Erysipelas suum can infect people through skin contact. Both
11、pestis suum and swine hemorrhagic sepsis do not infect people, but due to the reduced resistance of sick pigs, there are often secondary infections of the genus Salmonella in the muscles and internal organs, which can easily cause food poisoning. 8 3. Pestis Suum Clinical symptoms （1）The body temper
12、ature rose to 40- 42.5 and the pigs were depressed. （2）The main clinical manifestations of the disease are whole herd morbidity, loss of appetite or hunger strike, breathing difficulties, panting, some pigs with symptoms such as redness and purpling of the skin, a few pores with bleeding points. （3）
13、Sick pigs die quickly and often show septic changes after death. （4）Pigs with a longer course of the disease were pale, anaemic, coarse and disheveled, some pigs had weakness in the hind limbs, some pigs could not stand before dying and finally died of convulsions. 9 4. Tuberculosis It is a zoonotic
14、 chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry can be infected. Bovine and avian tuberculosis can be transmitted to humans. 10 4. Tuberculosis The disease is characterized by weight loss, anaemia, coughing, coarse breathing sounds, and and lung rale
15、s. Submandibular, breast and superficial lymph node swelling and hardening. In the case of localized nodules, there are nodules of varying sizes, translucent or grayish-white, or they may be cheese-like calcified or pus-forming. Treatment of diseased animal flesh: the whole body tuberculosis and let
16、hargic diseased animals should be completely destroyed; not lethargic people to remove the foci of destruction, the rest can be eaten after high temperature treatment; individual lymphatic or organ lesions can be partially abandoned, carcasses are not restricted. 11 5. Cysticercosis The pathogen of
17、cysticercosis is a hookless tapeworm in cattle, a tapeworm in pigs and an intermediate host in livestock. The larvae form into cysticercus in the muscle tissue of pigs and cattle, mainly in the lingual, biting, gluteal, deep girdle and diaphragm muscles. The cysticercus are in translucent blister-li
18、ke sacs,.To the naked eye,its white and about the size of a green bean, commonly known as rice pork or pox pork. When a person eats meat with cysticercus, the cysticercus develop into adult worms in the intestinal tract and parasitize in the intestinal tract for long periods of time, causing cystice
19、rcosis in humans, which can contaminate the environment through the constant excretion of nodules or eggs in the faeces. 12 5. Cysticercosis 13 5. Cysticercosis Cysticercus Cellclosae: It is the size of a soybean and is a white translucent sac filled with a transparent sac-like fluid. The wall of th
20、e vesicle is divided into two layers, the outer layer is the cortex and the inner layer is the mesenchymal layer, which has a thickening towards the inside of the vesicle to form an inwardly rolled and contracted head node (the morphology and structure is the same as that of the adult head node). 14
21、 5. Cysticercosis 15 5. Cysticercosis When a person eats meat with cysticercus, the cysticercus develop into adults in the human intestinal tract and parasitize in the intestinal tract for a long time, causing cysticercosis. Patients can contaminate the environment through the constant excretion of
22、nodules or insect eggs in their feces. Due to the reverse motion of the intestines, the nodules or eggs enter the intestinal wall and reach the whole body through the bloodstream, causing cysticercosis. Depending on the site of the cysticercus, it can be classified as cerebral cysticercus, ocular cy
23、sticercus and muscular cysticercus, which can cause serious damage to human health. 16 5. Cysticercosis 17 5. Cysticercosis Cysticercosis meat handling: Chinas regulations on pork and beef on the 40cm2 area of the specified testing site If there are three or less than three cysticercus, they can be
24、frozen or salted treatment after leaving the factory; If there are 45 cysticercus, after high-temperature treatment they can leave the factory. If there are 610 cysticercus, they can be used for industrial use or destroyed, and are not allowed as raw material for food processing. 18 5. Cysticercosis
25、 Preventive measures: To strengthen sanitary management of meat and the sale of meat must be stamped with a veterinary health inspection certificate. To strengthen market management to prevent trafficking in diseased animal meat. Consumers should be educated that meat should be well heated before co
26、nsumption and cooked through. Cooked meat should be separated from the raw to prevent cross-contamination. Patients should be dewormed in a timely manner and faecal management should be strengthened. 19 6. Handling of dead animal meat in unknown conditions Dead animal flesh without bloodletting or b
27、loodletting incomplete appear dark red, and intermuscular capillary stasis, if cut and pressed,it can be seen dark purple stasis overflow and the cut surface is tofu-shaped, containing more water. Dead meat can result from acute death from disease (including zoonotic diseases), poisoning and trauma.
28、 Treatment of dead meat must be considered only after the cause of death has been established. 20 6. Handling of dead animal meat in unknown conditions If the cause of death is determined to be general illness or trauma and the meat has not spoiled, the internal organs and carcasses are discarded an
29、d the rest is treated at high temperatures for consumption. If the cause of death is determined to be poisoning, the principle of treatment shall be determined on the basis of the type, nature, symptoms of poisoning and distribution of the poison in the body. Dead animal meat determined to be zoonot
30、ic is inedible. No dead animal meat of unknown cause of death is allowed to be consumed. 21 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous Various drugs are often used to control livestock diseases and to improve the efficiency of livestock production. Commonly used drugs are: antibiotics, anti-par
31、asitic drugs, growth promoters, estrogen, etc. Whether these drugs are used in large doses for short periods of time or in small doses added to feed over a long period of time, there are residues in the meat and offal of animals, which in excess can be harmful to the health of the consumer. 22 7. An
32、imal drug residues are extremely hazardous Commonly used antibiotics include penicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, cefamycin and others, with penicillin being the most widely used. Hazards to humans from antibiotic residues in livestock food: Frequent consumption of meat containing ant
33、ibiotic residues can lead to drug resistance and affect the effectiveness of drug treatment; People who are allergic to antibiotics have potential risk. The US FAD states that penicillin residues are not allowed in food tissues, eggs, and milk. The residue tolerance of sulfonamides in various meat p
34、roducts is 100 g/kg. Long-acting sulfonamides are prohibited for use in laying hens and dairy cows. 23 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous Growth promoters and hormones, the use of such drugs can also be residual in livestock, some drugs have been confirmed to be harmful to humans. Hexen
35、estrol in hormonal drugs, for example, has been used to promote growth in cattle and sheep because of its stimulating effect on normal animal anabolism, which increases the animals growth rate. Hexenestrol has been shown to be residual and carcinogenic in the liver and was included in the list of ve
36、terinary drugs and other compounds banned in food animals by the Ministry of Agriculture in China in 2002. 24 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous Clenbuterol hydrochloride belongs to the class of adrenergic drugs and is clinically used to treat asthma. The addition of clenbuterol hydroch
37、loride to feed can increase the growth rate of livestock and poultry, feed conversion rate, ketone body leanness by more than 10%, so clenbuterol hydrochloride is marketed as a feed additive under the trade name Lean meat powder. As early as 2002, ractopamine, a substitute for lean meat powder, was
38、explicitly banned by the Ministry of Agriculture, but an animal health products co. LTD in Guangzhou sold the banned feed additive. Clenbuterol hydrochloride is metabolized slowly in the body, if added to feed, it will remain in muscles, especially internal organs, such as lungs, liver, kidneys of t
39、he livestock and poultry , causing poisoning in the consumer. 25 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous The first case occurred in Spain in 1990, there were 43 families and 135 people with clenbuterol hydrochloride poisoning. On 7 November 2001 in Heyuan City, Guangdong Province, clenbutero
40、l hydrochloride in pork caused food poisoning in 747 people. Excessive levels of lean meat powder or disease-free application may cause symptoms of poisoning such as muscle tremors, dizziness, vomiting, and heart palpitations, which are extremely dangerous for people with high blood pressure and hea
41、rt disease. 26 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous From September 13, 2006, a number of suspected food poisoning happened caused by the consumption of pig offal and pork in Shanghai, as to September 16, there have been more than 300 visits to the hospital.On September 17, Shanghai food a
42、nd drug regulatory authorities confirmed the poisoning incident as lean meat powder food poisoning. 27 7. Animal drug residues are extremely hazardous Symptoms of poisoning are dizziness, headache, muscle tremors, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, etc., and in severe cases, arrhythmia may occur. China
43、s Drug Administration Law and its supporting regulations clearly stipulate that no unit or individual may sell clenbuterol hydrochloride to non-medical institutions or individuals. The Regulations on the Administration of Feed and Feed Additives issued by the State Council in 1999 clearly stipulate that it is strictly prohibited to add clenbuterol hydrochloride and other hormonal drugs to feed and feed additives. Thank you!
