1、By Others Fault The Royal Garden Genyue and Jinming Pool in Song Dynasty Hello everyone, today we will talking about the imperial gardens of Song Dynasty. It attained a higher construction level in artistic criterion and construction skill than previous dynasties including Tang dynasty. It have an i
2、ndelible relationship with the emperor especially Huizong whose name is Zhao Ji. Gen Yuan and Jin Ming Pool are representative in these imperial garden of Song Dynasty. In the form, the imperial gardens of Song Dynasty are divided into two parties: gardens in the imperial city and temporary imperial
3、 palace away from the capital. Their forms are close to private gardens as they are short of the imperial manners in Sui Dynasty or Tang Dynasty. During the Earlier Song Dynasty, the capital, Dongjing, adopted three sets of urban structures: imperial city, inner city and outer city. Hou Yuan, Yan Fu
4、 Yuan and Gen Yue belong to city which was only used by imperial household. Qiu Lin Yuan, Yu Jin Yuan, Jin Ming Pool and Yi Chun Yuan, which are famous by the calling “Four Gardens of Dongjing” are the gardens of residences. Of course, there are some gardens distributed across the city. First of all
5、, lets talking about Gen Yue which is located at north imperial city. Part of it was designed by Huizong. There are two reasons why this garden is named Gen Yue. Firstly, Gen means mountain in Chinese, in The Eight Diagrams, it could be written as “”. It means the mountain at the northeast city is c
6、alled Gen Yue. The Tale of Gen Yue which is written by Zhang Hao lived in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded this reason. The Tale of Gen Yue also recorded another story of the reason. Huizong was lack of children when he had just become the emperor. An alchemist told him if he increase the height o
7、f the northeast city, he will get many children. Thus Huizong started the construction of Gen Yue which was named Long Live Mountain an the beginning in 1117. Long Live Mountain referenced pattern of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou. When it finished, the name was changed to Gen Yue. It became a greates
8、t attraction in Bianjing. Somebodies call Yue Gen as Hua Yang Palace as the word Hua Yang was written on the plaque of Gen Yue. In the last few years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor Huizong was personally participated in the construction of this imperial garden. Before the construction, Hu
9、izong made a careful plan and map with Grand Commandant Liang Shicheng. Meanwhile, he founded some organizations like “Creation Bureau” in Hangzhou and “Ying Feng Bureau” in Suzhou for the construction of Gen Yue. Ying Feng Ju was an organization which duty was collecting stones, Exotic flowers and
10、rare herbs. He appointed some people to finish the task named Hua Shi Gang, which means the transportation of stones and Exotic flowers and rare herbs. “Gang” means one transportation team including ten ships. In this way, we will recognize how vast the construction of Gen Yue was. Gen Yue is very c
11、losed to the private garden of scholars as Huizong was well educated in art. Although the scale is not enormous, it attained a higher construction achievement in garden construction than previous dynasties owing to the participation of Huizong. It is an fine work of art in the imperial palace of Don
12、gjing. When the construction had finished, Huizong started collecting stones, Exotic flowers and rare herbs, building pavilions, pagodas, towers, rivers and ponds as he believed in Taoism. The whole construction was finished in 1122. The layout of the garden wasnt according to the terrain of Dongjin
13、g. The garden was dividen into two parties: the mountains of east part and the water of weat part owing to the manpower. The layout principle of the garden is artistic flavor. The Landscape Rhymed Formula of Li Cheng described the scene: the first thing is to establishing the position, secondly, dec
14、iding the distance and finally put them together. Now we can imagine its basic layout. 1. The mountains at north and south garden is the main part. In the north is Long Live Mountain and Wan Song Mountain while Shou Mountain is in the south. All of the mountains are stretching to east and west like
15、an arch and the Yan Pool is at the middle of them. Long Live Mountain in the northeast is at the main position of the scene. The Wan Song Mountain is in the west. It looks like the mountain range of Long Live Mountain. Yan Pool echoes the Long Live Mountain and Shou Mountain is subordinate. In this
16、view we can see how Huizong focused on the position of scenic spots of the garden. Long Live Mountain is constructed by earth, its highest spot is about 45 meters which is the highest spot of the garden. The Jie Pavilion on it echoed the Zhu Yun Pavilion on Wan Song Mountain. Long Live Mountain, Fu
17、Rong City in the southeast and Shou mountain in the south form a scene which we called it “surrounded by mountains and girdled by a river”. 2. Gen Yue is formed by nature but it is more beautiful than nature scenes. The water system in this garden is the most rational extraction. And there are meand
18、ering streams interspersing with mountain forests. From the recording and modern imagine, we can infer that Gen Yue is the High generalization and extraction of Natural landscape which called mountains echoing water. 3. The reason of the construction is pure to Huizong. It is tour. So it is differen
19、t from the palace of previous dynasties. The building is not important, they almost meet the function of touring. Architecture can give full play to its role of highlighting and Viewing in gardens. pavilions are built on mountain tops and water islands, while viewing platforms and pavilions are buil
20、t on pond sides and pavilions are built on hillside to embellish. Basically, it can be summarized as: This is a basic layout form of garden buildings with pavilions on the top of the mountain and in the water, pavilions on the pool beside the water and pavilions on the slope. The building is point v
21、iew, they only exist as intersperse between the mountains and poolside. 4. According to the literature, there exist about 70 kinds of plants Including trees, shrubs, fruit trees, lianas, aquatic plants, medicinal plants, herbs, woody flowers, crops and so on. Besides, there exists more than 100 spot
22、s like Mountains, water, flowers, wood, and buildings. From the tale of Guixin, we can know that before the imperial Hui zone of song made the garden modification, the landscapes made by lakeside rocks were not very famous. It was not until the reign of Xuanhe that Emperor Huizong of Song began to c
23、ollect lakeside rocks at all costs. Among them, the exquisite lakeside rocks were given names, titles, and gold belts, and their drawings were kept in books. In this way, we can see the construction of Gen Yue reached a relatively high artistic level. stone manual is the album of stones. The stones
24、were collected, chosen and installed according to stone manual. It represents the personification of the stones. Later, due to the war, some of these strange stones were blown up by artillery fire. Some were transported to Yanjing, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, and some lost along the way, and oth
25、ers were scattered around, in which it included Ruiyun Peak and GuanYun Peak of the famous stone garden in the south of the Yangtze River; Yuyuan Yu Linglong and the ZhouYun Peak of Hangzhou. 5. Emperor Huizong of Song likes Taoism, and GenYue is the place to satisfy his fairy dream. According to vo
26、lume seven, Saying For Gong Yun in the works of What Folks Say in the Eastern Qi Country by Zhou Mi in Southern Song Dynasty, there is the event, “ Tribute the Clouds and Offer Blessings”. The men under the leadership of Emperor Huizong of Song have made a lot of oil silk bags, and then let these oi
27、l silk bags hanging on the mountain cliff to collect the mountain fog, and wet the oil silk bag with water to ensure its low temperature, so that the fog will not liquefy into water. When Emperor Huizong of Song came to GenYue, he opened all the oil silk bags. Then the whole of GenYue became cloud-f
28、illed, and known as GongYun. When the emperor came, even heaven also landed clouds and fog to pray for majesty. Therefore, the flattery like these also won the pleasure of emperor. In fact, the legend of GongYun was to create artificial clouds. Although we couldnt know whether this kind of record, “
29、 Tribute the Clouds and Offer Blessings”, was really implemented, GenYue that built based on maps is indeed a artificial landscape garden full with poetic and pictorial splendor, and literati flavor as well as thick Taoist atmosphere. The greatest contribution of Genyue to chinese gardens is that it
30、 breaks through the regular royal palaces shape of one pool and three mountains, since the Qin and Han dynasties, and integrates idyllic life with the garden, so as to create a panoramic landscape palace garden. It perfectly applies the four major garden elements including mountain, water, plant and
31、 architecture, and represents the highest level of the royal garden art in the Song dynasty. Jin Ming Pool Compared with Genyue, Jinming Pool is the royal courtyard of the Northern Song Dynasty Jinming Pool is also known as Xi Pool, Jiao Pool located outside of Shuntian Gate of Dongjing in Song Dyna
32、sty and in the west area of Kaifeng City today. And another garden, QiongLin Garden, are also listed as the palace imperial court like Jinming Pool but they are remotely opposite to each other, so there is a way of saying that Qionglin Garden takes over in the sourth, and Jinming pond takes over in
33、the north. Qionglin Garden was established in the Emperor Taizu Qiande 2rd year of Song Dynasty (AD 964) and finished until the period of Emperor Huizong of Song. Jinming Pool was first explored in the the Later Zhou Dynasty of Five Dynasties, and was built many times by the Northern Song Dynasty, a
34、nd after that, it became a royal garden that had large scale, complete layout and beautiful scenery. Jinming Pool was built with large-scale excavation, and its construction began in the first year of Taiping Xingguo in Emperor of Taizong Song Dynasty (AD 976). The Yuhai volume 147 by Wang Yinglin i
35、n Song dynasty recorded that during the year of Taiping Xingguo, there was recruited about 3,5000 men to explore Jinming Pool, to inject the Jinshui River. There are five water springs, and beam in the south, and walking hundreds of steps land to Qionglin Garden. Emperor Taizu of Song built Shenwei
36、navy and inject the Jinshui River into the pond to practice the battle fought on the river. So it seems that the construction of the Jinming Pool is constructed to train the navy. Therefore, the construction plan of it is different from the general court pattern and presents as a regular quadrilater
37、al. A large cross-shaped platform was built in the center of Jinming Pool and the Hall of Watercore was built on the platform, as well as a circular veranda was built around the Hall of Watercore to facilitate viewing. Later, because the water watching battle slowly evolved into a kind of water play
38、, which is similar to the actual performance of war fought on the water, it becomes increasingly fierce and spectacular. And then it became the fighting performance of the dragon boat competition, which was commonly known as the dragon boat race and became the most lively place in Dongjing City. It
39、is said that Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song Dynasty also painted a handed down work, the Competing for a Trophy in the Jinming Pool. Although this painting is controversial, the scenes reproduced in it allow us to imagine the scene where the ancients raced the dragon boat in the Jinming Chi Pond.
40、 There is a legend saying that Jinming Pool open in March, which means, every year Jinming Pool opens from March 1 to April 8, and the common people can enter the garden to pay a visit, and at the same time, the ordinary people can also go to have a play. All these are really difficult to do in feud
41、al society, and Qionglin Garden also opens at the same time. Whats interesting is that during this period, the common people is allowed to set up stalls to do business, and there also presents shows like miscellaneous music and other performances to present a scene of together enjoying pleasure betw
42、een the emperor and ordinaries, just like the nature of public gardens and like the park in our garden city nowadays. After the Northern Song Dynasty continuously constructing, Jin Ming Pool reached its peak at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and became a major scene in Dongjing at that time. T
43、he one of volumes in Dream of Dongjing written by Meng Yuan-Lao in Song Dynasty dedicated has described the location, size, architectural layout and activities of the pool. Jingkang years, as Dongjing was captured by the people of Jin Dynasty, Jinming Pool also was destroyed by the soldiers and the
44、building in the pond was also destroyed. After the decay of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jinming Pool was no longer operated, and at the same time, the Jin Dynasty has cut off Bian River so as to lost the water source and gradually dried up. Furthermore, the Yellow River silt deposition many times
45、 in the Jin and Yuan dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, the pond had been silted up and Jinmingchi also disappeared. Today I introduce the two well-known royal gardens in Song Dynasty, and see you next class, thank you. 他山之石 宋代皇家园林艮岳与金明池 同学们大家好，今天这一讲我们来讲一下宋代皇家园林， 宋代的皇家园林 在 规模 与 气度上 虽不如唐代 ， 但 是 宋代园
46、林 的 审美情趣 、高雅程度、精致程度、营造手法都达到一了个相当高的造园水平，远远超出了前面的朝代，这跟当时的宋代皇帝（宋徽宗赵佶）有着不可磨灭的关系。具有代表性的就是今天我们要讲的 艮岳 与金明池这两个皇家园林，有人说它们是宋代皇家园林的典范之作。 从形式上讲：宋代的皇家园林分为大内御苑与行宫御苑两种形式，园林的内容更接近于私家园林，缺少了隋唐园林那种宏大的皇家气度。在 北宋 时京城 -东京 采用 的三套城的城市结构 ，即 宫城 、 内城 和外城，宫城也就是现在我们说的皇城，其中位于皇城之北的后苑、延福苑、艮岳属于大内御苑， 就是皇家专用那种，而著名的“东京四苑”即琼林苑、玉津园、金明池、宜
47、春苑则属于行宫御苑，还有些分布与城内外的其它园林。 首先 ， 我们了解一下皇城之北的大内御苑艮月，这是宋徽宗亲自参与修建的皇家园林。那为什么叫艮岳？有两个说法，第 1.艮岳是按后天八卦方位“艮”字起名 ，艮为山 ，八卦 挂形 “ ”，字面之意是说，城之东北的山岳所以叫做艮岳。还有位 南宋人 叫 张昊 ，写了艮岳记，这里面记载：“山在国之艮，故名之曰艮岳”，同样也是艮岳记记载：“徽宗登极之初，皇嗣未广，有方士言：京城东北隅，地协堪舆，但形势稍下，傥少增高之 ，则皇嗣繁衍矣”。所以政和七年（公元 1117年），命人在上清宝篆宫之东，筑土山，即万岁山，拉开了艮月的建设，万岁山在山水格局上主要参考的是
48、余杭的凤凰山，建成后更名为艮岳。堪称汴京一绝。又因为艮岳园林匾额提名“华阳”也称华阳宫 ,也有人叫艮岳华阳宫。 北宋末年宋徽宗赵佶亲自参与修建这座皇家御苑。那么艮岳修建前，宋徽宗就和主持修建的负责人太尉梁师成，进行周密而详细的规划，并制成图纸 “按图度地”。同时他还为建设艮岳专门成立了各种机构比如： 杭州 “造作局 ”和 苏州 “应奉局 ”，是一个专门搜罗石料及奇花异草的机构，任命专人负责应奉局的“花石纲”事务， 专门运送奇花异石的特殊 运输 。“纲 ”意指一个运输团队，往往是十艘船称一 “纲 ”，可见艮月修建的力度宋徽宗是举全国之力了。宋徽宗是一位极具艺术修养的帝王，使得艮岳具有浓郁的文人园
49、林意趣。虽然园林规模不大，但是由于宋徽宗的亲自 参与，因此艮岳在造园上的所取得成就远超前代，可以说是北宋东京城众多宫苑中一件精美艺术品。 宋徽宗比较信道教，所以艮岳建成后又，“因地制宜，因材布景”收罗奇花异草、兴建亭台楼阁、引水凿池，历时五六年于宣和四年（公元 1122年）建成这座北宋历史上最负盛名的皇家园林。 在布局上 ：艮岳在建造的时候，突破了东京平原城市地势限制，采用引水凿池和人工堆筑山的方式，形成东部以山为主，西部以水为主的“左山右水”园林格局。艮岳布局原则讲究“画境”，想体现李成在山水诀中描述的：“凡画山水，先立宾主之位，次定远近之形。然后穿凿景 物，摆布高低”。我们可以想象一下艮岳
50、的基本布局。 1.整个艮岳以南北两山为主体，北边主要是万岁山与万松岭 ， 南边是寿山 ， 两山都向东西伸展，形成环拱形，构成众山环列、中间平芜的形势 。雁池就在环山的 中间 ，而 万岁山在东北部 ，恰恰是整个园林构图中处于主位。西侧是万松岭，形式上看就变成了万岁山的侧岭，中间的雁池与东北部万岁山互为对景，雁池南部的寿山则处于整个园林的宾位，可见宋徽宗建园时对方位的要求是非常高的。万岁山是土堆筑成的，它的主峰高约九十步，粗略估计（约45 米 ），是全园的最高点，主峰顶上的 “介亭”，与西侧万松岭 顶上筑的“巢云亭”。两个建筑互为对景。最终万岁山与东南的芙蓉城，南面的寿山，形成从北、东、南三个方位
