1、Unit 1 Living well Period 3Grammar & Writing 课件（人教版选修7，重庆专用）,动词不定式概念动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。,一、,结构基本结构：to动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。否定形式：not to动词原形。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例)：,二、,His works are said to have been translated into many languages.据说
2、他的作品被译成了多种文字。He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，他假装在看书。His sister told him not to read in the sun. 他的姐姐让他不要在阳光下看书。Mother made him get up early yesterday.昨天母亲让他起得很早。,用法1作主语To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。To ask him for help is
3、necessary.请求他帮助是很有必要的。How to use the computer is a question.如何使用电脑还是个问题。为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常用在句末。It would be better for you to go there.你还是去的好。,三、,【温馨提示】(1)不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，即for sb to do, 这一短语常被称之为不定式的复合结构。(2)在“It is 形容词不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切并且用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这
4、类形容词主要有bold，brave，careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind，nice, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise, wrong等。,Its easy for Bill to work out this math problem.对比尔来说解出这道数学题很容易。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。(3)在下列结构中一般用不定
5、式做主语：It is important/essential/necessary to do sth。而在下列结构中常用动名词作主语： It is no good/no use/ no help doing sth。It is important for us students to learn English well.It is necessary to tell him about that.It is no good doing evil even toward evil people.,作表语To see is to believe.眼见为实。What impressed him m
6、ost was to see the great changes that had happened there. 给他印象最深的是看到那里所发生的巨大变化。不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作，或表示未来的可能性或假设。His wish is to live in Beijing.他的愿望是将来住在北京。All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.你要干的事就是尽快把这项工作干完。,2,【温馨提示】,What I want to do is (to) have a good rest.我想做的事是好好休息一下。,作宾语(1)直接作
7、动词的宾语。以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语：afford (付得起)，agree(同意)，aim(力求做到)，appear(显得)，arrange(安排)，ask(要求)，attempt (试图)，care(想要)，choose(决定)，claim(声称)，condescend(屈尊)，consent(准许)，decide(决定)，demand(要求)，determine(决心)，endeavor(竭力)，expect(期待)，fail(未履行)，help(帮助)，hesitate(犹豫)，hope(希望)，learn(学会)，manage(设法)，neglect(疏忽)，offer(主动提出
8、)，plan(计划)，prepare(准备)，pretend(假装)，proceed(接着做)，promise(答应)，,3,prove(证明)，refuse(拒绝)，resolve(解决)，seem(觉得好像)，swear(发誓)，tend(往往会)，threaten(预示)，undertake(承诺)，volunteer(自愿做)，vow(发誓)，want(想要)，wish(希望)等。The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question
9、.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。,(2)不定式带补语构成复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语，必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上，而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。I think it possible to get on well with him.我认为跟他和睦相处应该是没有问题的。(3)动词不定式一般不作介词宾语，但是在but, except, besides, than, instead of, about, save后面可以作介词宾语。He is about to leave the city.We saw no alternative but/exce
10、pt/save to fight.Nothing remains but to wait and see.,(4)“疑问词不定式”，不定式前可带what，who，which，where，when，how，whether等疑问词。Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of taperecorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。,作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
11、 In my dreams I always have very difficult jobs to do.我在梦里总是做一些艰难的工作。 Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.他每天叫一个小动物给他带来吃的东西。 (2)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。,4,(3) 由only, last, next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。Betty was the firs
12、t (girl) to come.贝蒂是第一个来的(姑娘)。He is the only person to know the truth.他是唯一了解真相的人。,作状语 (1)表示目的 You can hide under my seat when the conductor comes to check the tickets.当列车员来查票时，你可以藏在我的座位下面。 In his third year，he left Harvard to work for a company called Microsoft.在三年级时，他为了去微软公司工作而离开了哈佛大学。注意：作目的状语的不定式前
13、，常加上in order或so as，但so as不能位于句首。,5,(2)表示结果 动词不定式作状语表示结果时常用如下结构：so形容词/副词as to do 如此以致such形容词名词as to do 如此以致enough名词to do 足够名词/形容词/副词enoughto do 足够too形容词/副词to do 太以致不能He is not so stupid (such a fool) as to do that.他还没有蠢到做那种事。The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的
14、人。,注意：不定式短语表示结果时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。He went to the seaside only to be drowned.他去了海滨，结果却溺死在那里。(3)不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。Im sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。The children felt happy to be with their parents.孩子们和父母在一起感到高兴。,(4)不定式作方式状语(常与as if，as though连用)He raised his hand as if to ta
15、ke off his hat.他举起手来，像是要把帽子摘掉。(5)不定式修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词Im very glad to see you again.很高兴又见到你了。They thought you unwilling to tell the truth.他们认为你不愿说实话。,作宾补(1)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, find, inform, invite, mean, notice, order,
16、 permit, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, warn等。He told me not to bring you anything.他叫我不要给你带任何东西。 Who taught you to play the music?谁教你弹这支曲子的？,6,(2)表示见解、看法的动词宾语带to的动词不定式具有这种用法的动词有：believe，consider，declare，discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, think, understand，dislike, like,
17、 prefer, hate, love等。We found the rumor to be true.我们发现这个传闻是真的。Do you prefer me to do the work by myself?你更愿意我独自做这项工作吗？,(3)动词短语带to的不定式具有这种用法的词组有：arrange for，ask for，call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, wait for等。I have arranged for our guests to be driven to the church. 我已安排好用车把我们的客人送到教堂
18、。,省略to 的动词不定式(1)在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather .than(宁愿也不), had better.(最好)，cant help but.(不得不), had rather.(宁愿)，cannot but.(不得不，必然)，may/might as well.(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)。Youd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.你最好按时还书给图书馆，否则，你将被罚款。I cant help but wish that n
19、othing would go wrong.我只能祝愿一切进展顺利。They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.他们从未见过如此美味的饭菜，更不用说吃了。,四、,(2)but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。否则要带to。The little girl did nothing but laugh.那个小女孩什么也不做就是哭。Theres nothing left to do, but wait there for help.没有别的可做，只好等待帮助。They desire not
20、hing but to enjoy the present moment.他们只希望今朝有酒今朝醉。,(3) 情态动词后。(4) 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。get除外(get sb to do sth)。The teacher made him say the word like this.老师让他像这样说这个单词。,【温馨提示】,The children were seen to run down t
21、he street.有人看到孩子们沿着这条街跑了。(5)help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth。Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗？(6)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去。,(7)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be。He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。(8)当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符
22、号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，不能省略。He wants to move to France and marry the girl.他想搬到法国与这个女孩结婚。,(9)不定式作表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。Weve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.我们错过了早班车，现在所能做的就是步行回家。,【感悟高考】1No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when its better_silent.(201
23、2浙江，3)AremainBbe remainingChaving remainedDto remain解析不论你是一个多么聪明的演讲者，有些时候保持沉默更好。此题考查非谓语动词的用法。此句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式，故答案为D。答案D,2Tom took a taxi to the airport，only_his plane high up in the sky.(2012四川，6)AfindingBto findCbeing foundDto have found解析句意：汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已经高高地飞在天上了。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。“o
24、nly不定式”作状语时，表示出乎意料的或事与愿违的结果，符合语境。D项为不定式的完成式，表示find这一动作发生在took这一动作之前，不符合题意，故答案选B。答案B,3Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier_ into small pieces.(2011安徽，30)Abreak Bbreaking Cbroken Dto break解析考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：汤姆问糖果制造商他们能否把巧克力制作得更易弄碎。该句中的形容词easier为宾语补足语，相当于表语的作用，表示的是尚未发生的目的性动作，
25、其后应该使用不定式结构，故选择D项。答案D,用所给动词的适当形式填空 He wants to believe anything but _(take) the medicine. I wish _(send) to work in the country.I come here only _ (say)goodbye to you.He seems _(eat) something.My wish _(visit)France has come true at last.,to take,to be sent,to say,to be eating,to visit,【单项填空】Charles
26、 Babbage is generally considered_the first computer. Ato invent B. inventing Cto have invented D. having invented 解析由consider to do sth 排除B、D，发明为过去的情，故用不定式的完成时，因此选C。 答案C,The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to_.Asit Bsit on Cbe seat Dbe sat on解析如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词
27、连用时，常位于“形容词动词不定式”结构的末尾。答案B,Did the book give the information you needed?Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book.Ato find BfindCto be finding Dfinding解析考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：这本书有你需要的信息吗？有，但是为了查到它，我必须读整本书。to find it在句中作目的状语。故选A。答案A,All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a mo
28、re effective way. Apresenting BpresentedCbeing presented Dto present解析考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：他们都尽力使用工作站的力量来更加有效地呈现信息。根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语，故选D。A项强调动作的进行，B项表示被动或完成，C项表示被动进行。答案D,The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.Aproduced Bbeing producedCto be produced Dhaving been produced解析考查非谓语动词作定
29、语。句意：下个月即将上演的戏剧主要为了表现地方文化。the play与produce之间存在被动关系，由next month可知produce动作尚未发生，故用不定式的被动结构。故选C。答案C,图表类【写作任务】 观察下面的图表，用英语给校报编辑写一封信反映相关内容。【写作内容】假如你叫李华，参加学校开展的“有困难向谁求助”(Whom do you turn to when in trouble？)的调查活动，调查结果如下表。,【写作要求】1内容要点全面，并表达出你的观点。为了使文章连贯，可适当增加内容。2词数：120词左右。,【写作分析】第一步：认真审题 一审体裁：本次写作要求根据图表内容写
30、一封信。要求同学们根据所给的图表、数据等进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清各种信息之间的关系，提炼要点，然后组织语言进行写作，必要时还要加入作者自己的观点。二审格式：本文格式属于一般的书信体。三审结构：图表作文的结构通常是三段式：,第一段分析图表中的数据变化反映出的问题或趋势，简要概述图表揭示的信息；第二段分析原因；第三段提出解决问题的办法或建议。时态方面除特定的时间用过去时外，常用一般现在时。,第二步：提炼要点1of the same age2talk with and understand each other3ask for ones help4have rich experie
31、nce5all by oneself/oneselves6get on well with,第三步：扩点成句1Theyre almost of the same age.2They can talk with and understand each other easily.3The students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles and ask for their help as the teachers and parents have rich experience and love them very
32、much.4Only a few students solve their problems all by themselves.5They hate to talk with others and can t get on well with others.,【参考范文】Dear editor，Im a student in Senior Three. We have made a survey “Who do you turn to when in trouble？” Here are the results.58% of the students will go to their cla
33、ssmates or friends when in trouble.Theyre almost of the same age, so they can talk with and understand each other easily. While 30% of the students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles and ask for their help as the teachers and parents have rich experience and love them very much
34、. They can be trusted by these students.,Only a few students solve their problems all by themselves. They hate to talk with others and can t get on well with others. They have few friends.In my opinion, when in trouble wed better ask our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help.Yours，Li Hua
35、,【亮点展示】本篇文章思路清晰，语言简洁，概述了调查的问题、对象和结果。第一段直接提出问题。第二段用多样的句型对图表进行描述，使用了高级词汇和表达。如：when in trouble，of the same age，be trusted by，all by themselves等。此外，复合句While 30% of the students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles and ask for their help as the teachers and parents have rich experienc
36、e and love them very much的使用生动地向读者呈现出了图表的结构。,【写作模板】The chart gives us an overall picture of the图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点This means that as进一步说明We can see from the statistics given that_图表细节一 . After动词ing细节中的第一个变化， the动词ed幅度时间 紧跟着的变化The figures also tell us that图表细节二In the column, we can see that accounts for 进一步描述Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that 结论The reason for this, as far as I am concerned，is that 给出原因/It is high time that we 发出倡议 .,
