1、句子成分,李月凤 制作,句子成分概述:一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)和状语(Adverbial).e.g. The taxi-driver shouted at me angrily.,主语,谓语,宾语,状语,句子除了上述几种基本成分外, 还有同位语(Appositive)或一些独立成分, 如插入语(Parenthesis)、呼语(Direct Address)和感叹语(Interjection)等.,e.g. Sandy, be quick.,呼语,Oh, my G
2、od!,感叹语,Its too expensive, I think.,插入语,同位语,主语(1)主语成分主语是句子所叙述的主体, 说明句子讲的人或事物.可作主语的有:名词 Shanghai is in the east of China. Tom works very hard.b.代词 I bought a new book. That is a picture of our school. Who knows the answer?c.数词 Three plus four is seven. The first is the best.,d.动词不定式 To see is to beli
3、eve. It is important to learn English. e.动名词短语 Smoking is harmful to the health.f.名词化的形容词或分词 The old should be respected. The disabled will receive more money.g.名词性短语 A man with a book is coming towards us.h. 主语从句 What he said is not true.Note: How to finish the work is a problem.(2) 形式主语,形式主语(Forma
4、l Subject)是代词it的一种用法.当句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡, 一般用it作形式主语放在句首, 而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后.It +谓语+动词不定式短语 It is a good habit to do morning exercises. It is difficult for him to give up smoking.b.It +谓语+动名词短语(主要用在以no good/use, useless, worthwhile, dangerous等词作表语的句子中) It is no use learning without thinking.
5、It is dangerous playing with fire.c.It +谓语+名词性从句(真正的主语是that引导的名词性从句) It is a pity that you didnt come to the party. It is said that nobody knows where he lives.,指出下列各句的主语,1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.2) He reads newspapers everyday.3) Two and ten is twelve.4) Smoking is harmful to the health
6、.5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.,2. 谓语 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态或特征, 由动词承担, 一般放在主语之后. He is a middle school student. The new term will begin on the 1st of September. His novel has been translated into English.,找出谓语,1) The new term begins on the 1st of Se
7、ptember.2) His father is an engineer.3) She seemed happy.4) Li Hua showed me his album.,3. 宾语宾语成分 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果, 是动作的承受 者. 宾语常用于及物动词之后, 称为动词宾语. 介词后面的名词或代词, 称为介词宾语. a.名词 He lost his parents in his childhood.b.代词(人称代词用宾格) Everybody likes her.c.数词 -How many chairs do you want? -I want four.d.名词化的形容词和分
8、词 The doctor is operating on the injured.e.动词不定式短语 Id like to have some coffee.f.动名词短语 I havent finished reading your book yet.,g.名词性短语或从句 I like coffee with some sugar. I think you are right.Note: I really dont know what to do next.(2)双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语(Direct Object)和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双
9、宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语), 另一个指物(一般为直接宾语). 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前. He gave me a book.,间接宾语,直接宾语,有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接宾语后置, 并在其前加上介词to或for. He gave a book to me. He bought this book for me.注意: 如果直接宾语是人称代词, 则间接宾语必须后置, 并在其前加上介词to或for. Heres your report. Dont forget to show it to your parents.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某
10、人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。,名词或代词宾格+名词 His father named him Johnny.b. 名词或代词宾格+形容词 Youll find our wa
11、shing-powder excellent.c. 名词或代词宾格+介词短语 At last, he found him in trouble.,(3) 复合宾语 有些及物动词, 除了接一个直接宾语外, 还接宾语补足语(Object Complement), 用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征. 宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语(Complex Object). 其各种形式如下:,注意:在使役动词let, have, make, 感官动词watch, see, look at, notice, hear, , feel, 等词后, 接动词不定式作宾补, 则须省去不定式符号to. We heard hi
12、m sing in the next room.,d. 名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定式短语 Mum asked him to buy some bread. I can see some students playing basketball.,如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句, 常用it来代替宾语, 将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后, it则被称为形式宾语(Formal Object). We found it difficult to solve this problem.,形式宾语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,I think it necessary that we shou
13、ld vote on it.,形式宾语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,找出宾语:,1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.2) The medicine is good for a cold.3) How many pieces do you want?4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight,找出宾语补足语:,1)
14、 The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.2) I dont believe the story true.3) You should put your things in order.4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.5) We saw the pupils playing basketball.,(4) 定语 定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词. 可作定语的有:形容词 Newton is a famous scientist.b. 名词 L
15、ets listen to the weather forecast first.c. 动名词 Our school is going to build a swimming pool.d. 分词短语或动词不定式短语 She is reading an interesting book. I have no pen to write with.e. 介词短语或副词 I havent got the solution to the problem. I used to live in the room above.f. 从句 The man who is coming toward us is
16、my English teacher.,指出定语:,Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students. His boy needs Toms pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy needs a ball pen. The best boy here is Tom. There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. This is the new dicti
17、onary which I bought yesterday.,(5) 同位语 在一个句子中, 一个名词或代词, 或相当于名词的短语或从句, 放在另一个名词或代词之后, 用以说明它的性质或情况, 被称为同位语(Appositive). 可作同位语的通常有:名词 This is my best friend, Tom.b. 代词 We all got a surprise.c. 数词 This prize is for you two.d. 从句 I had no idea that you were here.,(6) 状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明地点、时间、原因、目的、
18、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分, 被称为状语(Adverbial). 可充当状语的有:,副词 Who can write beautifully?b. 介词短语 Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside.c. 分词短语 Not knowing what to do, I decided to give up.d. 动词不定式短语 His mother often comes to see him.e. 名词 Please come this way.f. 从句 As soon as the teacher came i
19、n, all the students stood up.,找出状语：,1) She sings quite well.2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 3) He sits there, asking for a pen. 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5) If I have some spare time, I will take up German.,(7) 表语 表语(Predicative)是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的, 一般用在连系动词be, 或半
20、系动词之后.,系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;,(7) 表语可充当表语的有:名词 His father is a teacher.b. 代词 This book is mine.c. 形容词或分词短语 The leaves turn yellow in autumn.The teacher
21、was satisfied with your work. The story is very interesting.,d. 数词 One plus one is two.e. 动词不定式或动名词短语 My job is looking after her. What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.f. 副词或介词短语 Sorry, my father isnt in. Tom is in Shanghai now.g. 从句 The question is why we should put off the meeting.,找出表
22、语：,1)Wangs father is a doctor.2) He is always careless.3) The basketball match is on.4) All the pupils are on the playground now.5) Our aim is to win more medals.6) His work is teaching French.7) The question is who can really repair the machines.,There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“
23、有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there wi
24、ll be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ,There was only a well in the village. Among the guests there were two Americans an
25、d two Frenchmen. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. There used to be a cinema here before the war. There happened to be nobody in the room. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. There comes the bus. There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.,
