1、英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解 1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法（微观遣词）；句法（宏观造句）01 词法（微观遣词）1. 实词：有实际意义的词。名词 n.：表事物名称动词 vi./vt.：行为，动态。vi.不及物动词，本身可以表达完整意义，后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词，本身无法表达完整意义，后面必须带宾语形容词 adj.： 修饰 n.副词 adv.：修饰 v./adj.或者句子中其他 adv 或者整个句子代词 Pron.：代替 n.数词 num.：表数量（基数词），表顺序（序数词）2. 虚词：没有实际意义的词。介词 prep.：说明词与词之间的关系连词 conj.：说明句子与句子之
2、间的关系冠词 art.：在 n.前，限定 n.感叹词 int.：表达感叹02 句法（宏观造句）1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型：简单句，并列句，复合句6.复合句：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句二、语法四大原则1. 词性决定词用2. 同类同用同种类型的词，用法相同，越细分，越一致3. 动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语，谓语部分最重要的就是动词4. 举一反三由表及里，发掘句子结构，归属；认识句子本质，由点及面，放大到句群。语法精讲 2句子的成分主体：主语，谓语，宾语，表语次体：定语，状语，补语，同位语主语：一个句子的主体，是全句述说的对象。常由名词，代词或相当于名
3、词或代词的词担任，一般放在句首。The sun(名词 n.) rises in the east.We(代词 pron.) are friendsTwenty years(数词 num.) is a short time in history.Seeing（动名词） is believingTo be a teacher (不定式 )is my dreamWhat he needs (句子)is a book 主语从句It （形式主语）is time to go home（真正的主语）形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语：表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面We study(实
4、意动词 ) English！I can（情态动词） do it!I dont（助动词） know!He is（系动词） asleep.宾语：表示谓语行为的对象，常由名词，代词或相当于名词的词担任，一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。I play with him(代词)I like china （名词）How many do you need? we need two（数词）I enjoy working with you （动名词）I hope to see you again（不定式）Did you write down what he said ?（句子）Under the snow（介宾短语
5、）,there are many rocks.He gave me（间接宾语） a book（直接宾语） yesterday表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态，一般由名词或者形容词担任。凡是系动词(be 动词,感官动词等)出现的地方，后面必定带着表语He is a teacher(名词)Seventy-four !you dont look it（代词）Five and five is ten（数词）He is asleep（形容词）This picture is on the wall（介词短语）My watch is missing/lost （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower
6、 is to say“ Im poor ,I cant buy a ring”(不定式)The question is whether they will come（句子）语法精讲 3定语：用来修饰或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任，形容词放在名词前面。相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面。He is a clever boyThis is an apple treeThere are ten students in our classShe is Toms sisterHe bought some sleeping pillsThe girl in red i
7、s his sisterWe have a lot of work to do The girl standing under the tree is his daughterDo you know the man who spoke just now.状语：用来说明动词，形容词，副词或者整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词可放动词前，也可放在动词后；修饰形容词或者副词时放在他们前面。动词的八个状态：时间，地点，原因，状态，目的，结果，方式，程度The students study hardI often write to himHe wrote with a red pencilHe we
8、nt to see a film The students went away laughingIll write to you as soon as I get there .补语：表示补充说明，总是跟着宾语跑I found a book lying on the floor.Do you smell something burning?She asked me to go with her.独立成分：同位语，感叹语Bruce，my English teacher ,is a cool manThats great!语法精讲 4简单句的 5 种基本结构通过一个爱情故事掌握 5 种简单句。1，
9、 主语+谓语：She comes.2， 主语+系动词+ 表语 She is lovely.3， 主语+谓语+ 宾语 I love her.4， 主语+谓语+ 间宾+直宾 I gave her a rose.5， 主语+谓语+ 宾语+宾补 I made her happy.2 三大句子结构类型1， 简单句Frank and Eric are good friends.I make and have breakfast.2， 并列句I like English , but I dont like math.I hate grammar,while he loves it.3， 复合句What sh
10、e does is not good.The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.When you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.语法精讲 5简单句Toms father bought him a new bike yesterday.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.The man over there is my old friend. The meat went bad because of the
11、 hot weather.Kates uncle lives in a village.He studies hard to learn English well.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Johns father ,Mr black ,is a lawyer.We always go to school early.He always makes me cry in this situation.并列句句子+句子，并列关系You help him and he helps you.Hurry up,or youll be
12、late .I am thirsty,for it is hot.复合句一个句子在另一个句子里充当了一定的成分。句子套句子,主从关系What she likes is watching TV. 主语从句Do you know how much the house is. 宾语从句That is what I want to tell you. 表语从句Its a question how he did it. 同位语从句The man whom you talk with is my friend. 定语从句If I am free,I will go shopping . 条件状语从句四种句
13、子类型：英语 01 陈述句（肯定，否定）He is six years old.She doesnt like English.02疑问句（一般，特殊，选择，反义）Do you like swimming? 一般疑问句What are you doing ? 特殊疑问代词+ 一般疑问句= 特殊疑问句Is this a pen or a pencil?选择疑问句She likes dancing,doesn t she?反义疑问句。前肯后否或者前否后肯03 祈使句：命令，要求，请求。一般会略去主语，动词开头Be careful , boys!Dont speak in class!04 感叹句：how/what 开头How clever the boy is !What a nice day it is!
