1、2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,1,Prof. Xu Liu and Prof. Haifeng LiCourse assistant: Hen WangCollege of Optical Science and EngineeringZhejiang University,Optoelectronics光电子学,http:/ Introduction,2,What is Optoelectronics?,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,3,A field of technology that com
2、bines the physics of light with electricity. Optoelectronics encompasses the study, design and manufacture of hardware devices that convert electrical signals into photon signals and vice versa. Any device that operates as an electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducer is considered an
3、 optoelectronic device. Optoelectronic technologies include fiber optic communications, laser systems, electric eyes, and are widely used in the daily household appliances, office electronics, lighting, remote sensing systems, medical diagnostic systems and optical information systems.,2018/6/22,Opt
4、oelectronics Introduction,4,Different point of views,Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that overlaps with physics. The field concerns the theory, design, manufacture, and operation of hardware that converts electrical signals to visible or infrared radiation (infrared) energy, or vice-versa
5、.Optoelectronics is the branch of physics that studies the mutual conversion of electricity and light energy.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,5,Optoelectronics (contents),Laser theory and techniquesSemiconductor light devicePhotodetectorsModulation (electro-optics effect, Photoacoustic effect
6、, Magnetoptics effect)DisplayNonlinear optics,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,6,Including,Optoelectronic components for example: photocells, solar cells, detector arrays,opto-isolators (also called optical couplers or optocouplers), modulator, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), laser, and laser di
7、odes. Applications include light sources, electric eyes, photovoltaic power supplies, various monitoring and control circuits, and optical fiber communications systems, display, information storage.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,7,Optoelectronics,Electrics,Photons,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics
8、Introduction,8,laser sourcessemiconductorPhotodetectorElectro-optical effectAcoustic optics, magnetic opticsnon-linear effect,EPhotonEPhotonEgEPhotonEgN ENPhonon, NBNI3, I2,Different relations between photon and other physical parameters：,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,9,Luminescent spectrum
9、 of different materials,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,10,Laser theory is the basic part of Optoelectronics,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,11,History of Laser,LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation1917Albert Einstein first theorized about the process which make
10、s lasers possible called Stimulated Emission 1951Charles H. Townes conceived the concept of MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)1954First MASER device by Townes, Gould and Zerger 1958Schawlow and Townes showed theoretically that masers could be made to operate in the o
11、ptical and infrared regionInfrared and Optical Masers, published in the December 1958 Physical Review.Received a patent for the invention of the laser in 1960,Arthur L. Schawlow,Charles H. Townes,Albert Einstein,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,12,Charles Townes (left) and James P. Gordon prou
12、dly display their maser, a device that greatly amplifies microwaves,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,13,History of Lasers,Laser Patent WarGordon Gould then 37-year-old Columbia graduate student - wrote down his laser ideas - including a definition of laser as Light Amplification by the Stimula
13、ted Emission of Radiation - in late 1957, and had them notarized. Filed for patent in 1959, but was rejected.The laser patent was later bitterly disputed for almost three decades in “the patent wars” by Gordon Gould, and his designated agents. Gordon Gould eventually received the US patent for optic
14、al pumping of the laser in 1977 since the original laser patent did not detail such a pumping procedure. In 1987 he also received a patent for the gas discharge laser, thereby winning his 30 year patent war. His original notebook even contained the word “laser”.,Gordon Gould,2018/6/22,Optoelectronic
15、s Introduction,14,History of Lasers (Contd),1960Theodore H. Maiman (Hughes Research) made the first working laser Ruby laser 0.69 mm,The first Ruby laser in the world,Theodore H. Maiman,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,15,Ali Javan and his associates William Bennett Jr. and Donald Herriott at
16、Bell Labs were first to successfully demonstrate a continuous wave (cw) helium-neon laser operation (1960-1962). (Courtesy of Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies.),2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,16,In 1962 Robert Hall invented the semiconductor injection laser, a device now used in all compact di
17、sk players and laser printers, and most optical fiber communications systems.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,17,1964: C. K. N. Patel shown here with the high-power 10.6 micron carbon dioxide laser which he developed at Bell Labs.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,18,1964 William Bridges
18、 Invention of Argon Ion LASER a Hughes Labs.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,19,Diode laser,A laser diode pigtailed to a fiber. Two of the leads are for a back-facet photodetector to allow the monitoring of the laser output power.(Courtesy of Alcatel),A 1550 nm MQW-DFB InGaAsP laser diode pig
19、tail-coupled to a fiber,An 850 nm VCSEL diode,SEM (scanning electron microscope) of the first low-threshold VCSELs developed at Bell Laboratories in 1989. The largest device area is 5 m in diameter,Diode laser,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,20,Coherent light emission from a semiconductor (ga
20、llium arsenide) diode (the first laser diode) was demonstrated in 1962 by two US groups lead by Robert N. Hall at the General Electric research center and by Marshall Nathan at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,21,375nm excitation of Hoechst stain, Calcium Bl
21、ue, and other fluorescent dyes in fluorescence microscopy 405nm InGaN blue-violet laser, in Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD drives 445nm InGaN Deep blue laser diode recently introduced (2010) for use in high brightness data projectors 473nm Bright blue laser pointers, still very expensive, output of DPSS sy
22、stems 485nm excitation of GFP and other fluorescent dyes 510nm - Green diodes recently (2010) developed by Nichia for laser projectors. 532nm AlGaAs-pumped bright green laser pointers, frequency doubled 1064nm Nd:YAG laser or (more commonly in laser pointers) Nd:YVO4 IR lasers (SHG) 593nm Yellow-Ora
23、nge laser pointers, DPSS（ Diode Pumped Solid State）635nm AlGaInP better red laser pointers, same power subjectively 5 times as bright as 670nm one 640nm High brightness red DPSS laser pointers 657nm AlGaInP DVD drives, laser pointers 670nm AlGaInP cheap red laser pointers 760nm AlGaInP gas sensing:
24、O2 785nm GaAlAs Compact Disc drives 808nm GaAlAs pumps in DPSS Nd:YAG lasers (e.g. in green laser pointers or as arrays in higher-powered lasers) 848nm laser mice 980nm InGaAs pump for optical amplifiers, for Yb:YAG DPSS lasers 1064nm AlGaAs fiber-optic communication 1310nm InGaAsP fiber-optic commu
25、nication 1480nm InGaAsP pump for optical amplifiers 1512nm InGaAsP gas sensing: NH3 1550nm InGaAsP fiber-optic communication 1625nm InGaAsP fiber-optic communication, service channel 1654nm Inga Asp gas sensing: CH4 1877nm GaSbAs gas sensing: H2O 2004nm GaSbAs gas sensing: CO2 2330nm GaSbAs gas sens
26、ing: CO 2680nm GaSbAs gas sensing: CO2,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,22,Inventors of different Lasers,1961Ali Javan (Bell Labs) invented the first gas or helium neon laser 1962Robert Hall (GE Research) invented semiconductor lasers1964J.E. Geusic invented the first working Nd:YAG laser 1966
27、William T. Silfvast invented the first metal vapor laser blue He-Cd laser ,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,23,The history of laser in China,1961年中国红宝石激光器（王之江）,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,24,The first different kind of laser in China,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,25,The bas
28、ic components of laser,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,26,Gas laser (He-Ne),2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,27,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,28,Microcavity Laser Structure,Laser Emission Spectrum,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,29,DFB (Distributed Feedback) laser,High o
29、utput powerThe high output power can compensate for various optical losses within DWDM systems, enabling configuration of multi-channel transmission systems and amplifier-less systems. Low power consumptionBecause of its low power consumption, the laser can substantially suppress wavelength fluctuat
30、ion -an important parameter for signal light sources for DWDM systems, resulting in improvements of product reliability. Wavelength stabilityA DFB laser module is incorporating a wavelength stabilizing function The module can suppress wavelength fluctuations within 10 pico-meter.,2018/6/22,Optoelect
31、ronics Introduction,30,Structure of sub-millimeter-thickness slab,Free-electron laser,FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium which moves freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. The free-electron laser has the widest frequency range of any laser type, an
32、d can be widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, to ultraviolet, to X-rays,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,31,Laser classification,Gas laserSolid state laserSemiconductor laserDye laserFree electron la
33、serFiber laserPhotonic crystal laser,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,32,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,33,Excemer laser （ultraviolet）,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,34,Laser fusion (new energy),2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,35,Schematic of conventional inertial confin
34、ement fusion; (bottom row) Schematic of the fast ignitor concept,National Ignition Facility,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,36,Laser machine,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,37,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,38,Light sources,Incandescent lampGas discharge lampSemiconductor light
35、 source,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,39,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,40,LED（light emitting diode）,2014 Nobel Price (Physics),2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,41,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,42,Photonic crystal to increase the efficiency,Quantum efficiencyOut coupl
36、ing efficiency,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,43,Electro-optical effect（Display）,Electro-optical modulation techniqueEO crystalLiquid crystal,KDP crystal,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,44,液晶（Liquid Crystal）,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,45,Optical communication(light sources
37、, propagation and detection),2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,46,2009年诺贝尔物理奖,光纤之父 Father of optical fiber“for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”,Charles K. Kao,1966,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,47,Optical Signal to El
38、ectric Signal,光电转换技术,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,48,Photo detector,Photovoltaic effectSolar cell,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,49,Aerospace,太空的基本能源,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,50,Photodetector（2）,UV+visible+nIRPMT Photomultiplier tube（vacuum + photocathode）,2018/6/22,O
39、ptoelectronics Introduction,51,photodetector（2）,CCD device,2009年诺贝尔物理奖,for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit the CCD sensor,Willard S. Boyle,George E. Smith Bell Laboratories 1969,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,52,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,53,Infrared array detec
40、tor,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,54,Photodiode & PIN,PIN InGaAs PSD,Position Sensitive Device,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,55,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,56,Nonlinear optics and crystal,Double frequency3rd frequencyWe can almost get all the laser in any wavelength we l
41、ike.Laser pointer,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,57,Reference text books,B. H. Salsh: Fundamental of photonicsW. Koechner: Solid-State Laser Engineering (Spring Verlag, 1999) A.E. Siegman: Lasers (University Science Books, 1986) W.T. Silfvast: Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press,
42、1996)克希耐尔，固体激光工程，科学出版社 2002马养武，光电子学，浙江大学出版社，2001Self-edit textbook, 光电子学 (ver.2) 2011.2,http:/ Introduction,58,The background industries of OEs,Industry of laserOptical communicationDisplay industryImaging IndustryPhoto-detectors industry,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,59,The schedule of the
43、 course,Times： two short terms, 3hs/weekHome works: after each courseMid term examination: 28th April2 projectsvisit : http:/ exam: End of June.,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,60,2016全国大学生光电竞赛,竞赛题目1：基于光电目标识别的空投救援无人飞行器竞赛说明：设计一架基于光电目标识别的空投救援用无人飞行器。可实现利用光电技术自主寻找空投目标，并将模拟为救援物资的乒乓球空投到接收筐中，按照在指定时间
44、内正确空投物资的数量确定竞赛成绩。,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,61,2016全国大学生光电竞赛,竞赛题目2：单透镜构建的最佳成像系统竞赛说明：使用给定的双凸透镜及CMOS图像传感器，运用光电及图像处理技术构建最佳成像系统。使用焦距为35mm的单个双凸透镜和指定型号的CMOS摄像头对ISO12233标准测试卡成像。光路中可添加除透镜外的任何其他光学元件。测试卡分为左右两部分，距离摄像头的物距前后相差30cm，形成一定景深。测试卡到摄像头的距离在13m之间。,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,62,2018/6/22,Optoelectronics Introduction,63,课程思考,光电子学包含的范围？激光器对人类发展的贡献？如何能够做到将激光的波长覆盖全光谱？光电探测器的主要实现光电的转换，如何实现 光光的转换与控制除光电转换外，人类对光的控制与利用还有其他的形式吗？效果如何？,
