1、2015 年 武 汉 大 学 考 博 英 语 考 试 真 题一 、 阅 读 理 解Justicein societymust includebotha fairtrial to the accusedandthe selectionof an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regardedas oneform. of equality, we find inits earlierexpressions theideaof a punishmentequal to the crime. Rec
2、orded in the Old Testament is the expression an eye for aneye,anda tooth fora tooth.Thatis,the individual whohasdonewrong has committedan offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. Thiscan be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributiveju
3、stice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of moderntimes. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who hascommitted murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealistHegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to
4、 give a punishment equalto the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his trueself and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restorethe self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his ownwill pay his debt. The dema
5、nd of the death penalty is a right the state owes thecriminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion ofcorrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equalitybut to find a more adequate way to express it
6、. It tries to preserve the idea of equalopportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminalis regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him tobecome a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causeof his antisoc
7、ial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisionsmust be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should bepermanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean thatcriminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers o
8、f crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it shouldbe administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assumea normal place in society. His conviction of c
9、rime must not deprive him of theopportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （ ）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that th
10、e basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （ ） .A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（ ） .A. forc
11、ed brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for atooth” was presented in order to （ ） .A. prove， that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retri
12、butive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justiceIn every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. In agreat number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role istied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not a
13、llowed to practice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some fieldor performing some feat.This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead aboutthe way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are con
14、sidered it would seem that the formalemancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious f
15、orm of exclusion from types of各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle formof automatic doubtof the seriousness of womens pretensions to the level of intellectand resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There a
16、re a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of mens status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the womanPrime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially marriedwomen and
17、 mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admissionof women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activitie
18、s.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but onlyas an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations
19、 of peoples sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep thefire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets ab
20、out courtship with a club.5. The phrase mens sureness of their sex role in the first paragraph suggests that they （ ）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered manly.D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The
21、third paragraph （ ）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（ ）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates
22、how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（ ）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD
23、. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard toplan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the marketsets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massivegovernment subsidies in the form of gu
24、aranteed prices or direct handouts. Last monthU.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billionover the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get,and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said thestep was
25、necessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of lifefor generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control ofthe Senate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,compared to only 3% in ric
26、h countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow justenough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West findtheir goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that
27、 foreach dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just becauseof trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not asif the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Ministerof Finance. What we want is for the rich countries to l
28、et us compete.Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Landandlabour are cheap,and as farmingmethods develop, newtechnologies should improveoutput. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economyover the past decade has been the boom in e
29、xports of cut flowers and vegetables toEurope. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the least developed country status that allows African producers toavoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. Withtrade barriers in pla
30、ce, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quicklyas a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poorcountries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything fromha
31、ndicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: theThird World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month allthe more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urgestrad
32、e liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicionscaused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last Novembermembers of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed toa new round of talks designed to open up global trade in ag
33、riculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to thosetalks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （ ） receive more government subsidies than others.
34、?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （ ） motivebehind Bush s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （ ） ?A.poor
35、countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“ the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies12.The writer s attitude t
36、owards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （ ） ?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary ratherthan sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach takenby most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, crit
37、icism of Black writing has oftenserved as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle s recent work,forexample,judges the value of Blackfiction by overtlypolitical standards, ratingeach work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs
38、 from political circumstances, its authorsreact tothose circumstancesin ways otherthan ideological,and talkingabout novelsand stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictionalenterprise. Rosenblatt s literary analysis discloses affinities and connectionsamong works of Bl
39、ack fiction which solely political studies have overlooked orignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes givingsatisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficientreason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together wo
40、rks byBlack authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modernfiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Blackfiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherentliterary tradition. Looking at novels written by Bla
41、cks over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. Thesestructures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central factthat the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture,whether they try to conform to
42、that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt s thematicanalysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is nothis intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seemsmisplaced, especially since a
43、n attempt to appraise might have led to interestingresults. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is thisa defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kindof aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer s Cane,v
44、erges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpointto the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discus
45、sion makesfor an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known workslike James Weldon Johnson s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument istightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid s
46、tyle exemplifies levelheaded andpenetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（ ） .A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black iden
47、tity contained in such fictionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （ ） .A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to a subjectC. discussing the limitations o
48、f a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The authors discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as （ ） .A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that t
49、he author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following （ ）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personalideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that app
50、raises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history二 、 汉 译 英得 病 以 前 ， 我 受 父 母 宠 爱 ， 在 家 中 横 行 霸 道 。 一 旦 隔 离 ， 拘 禁 在 花 园 山 坡 上 一 幢 小房 子 里 ， 我 顿 感 到 打 入 冷 宫 ， 十 分 郁
