1、2015年 武 汉 大 学 考 博 英 语 真 题一 、 阅 读 理 解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and theselection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justiceis regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the ideaof a punishment equal to the cri
2、me. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expressionan eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has donewrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, societymust get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conceptiono
3、f retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents andprocedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty fora person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported bythe German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to
4、 the criminal to givea punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actionsdenied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract thisdenial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less thangiving up his own will pay hi
5、s debt. The demand of the death penalty is a rightthe state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion ofcorrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equalitybut to find a more adequate w
6、ay to express it. It tries to preserve the idea ofequal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. Thecriminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enablehim to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered,the caus
7、e of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed,provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurableshould be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not meanthat criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to t
8、ake up careersof crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get evenwith him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this,it shouldbe administered. However, theindividual should begiven every opportunityto assume a normal place in society. His co
9、nviction of crime must not deprive himof the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （ ）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.passage implie
10、s that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （ ） .A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the viewsof corrective justice would be（ ）
11、.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth fora tooth” was presented in order to （ ） .A. prove， that equality demands just punishment各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料B. justify the need for punishment as a part o
12、f lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice5. The phrase mens sureness of their sex role in the first paragraph suggests that they （ ）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea o
13、f what is considered manly.D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （ ）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in
14、 the last paragraph（ ）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationshipbetween man and woman
15、which the author（ ）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard toplan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the marketsets. Farmersin Europe,the. and Japanare
16、 luckier: theyreceivemassive governmentsubsidies inthe form ofguaranteed prices ordirect handouts. Last month. PresidentBush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes .agricultural suppor
17、t close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step wasnecessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life forgenerations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of theSenate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries
18、accounts for up to 50% of GDP,compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow justenough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West findtheir goods whackedwithhugetariffs orcompeting against cheapersubsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations
19、 Conference on Trade and Development concluded that foreach dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just becauseof trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not asif the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Ministerof F
20、inance. What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Landand labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies shouldimprove output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Ke
21、nyaseconomy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers andvegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightlytoo rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows Africanproducers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on se
22、lected agriculturalproducts. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya willshrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain thegreat hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:Americas African Growth and Opportunity
23、 Act, which cuts duties on exports ofeverything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month allthe more depressing. Poor coun
24、tries have long suspected that the rich world urgestrade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicionscaused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last Novembermembers of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreedto a ne
25、w round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to thosetalks and his personal devotion to free parison, farmers （ ） recei
26、ve more government subsidies than others.the developing worldJapanEuropeAmerica10.addition to the economic considerations, there is a （ ） motivebehind Bush s signing of the new farm bill.11.message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage isthat （ ）countries should be given equal opportu
27、nities in tradeB.“ the leastdeveloped country” status benefits agricultural countriescountries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationin poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidiesRoger Rosenblatt s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary ratherthan soci
28、opolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach takenby most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has oftenserved as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle s recent work,for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly poli
29、tical standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authorsreact to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking aboutnovels and stories primarily as instruments of ideo
30、logy circumvents much of thefictional enterprise. Rosenblatt s literary analysis discloses affinities andconnections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies haveoverlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes givingsatisfactory answers to
31、 a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficientreason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works byBlack authors Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modernfictionwithwhich it islargely contemporaneousRosenblatt shows thatBlack ficti
32、onconstitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literarytradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, hediscovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. Thesestructures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from t
33、he central factthat the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt s thematicanalysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly s
34、tates that it isnot his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seemsmisplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interestingresults. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Isthis a defect, or are the authors working o
35、ut of, or trying to forge, a differentkind of aesthetic In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide acounterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Blackheroes are pitted, a theme us
36、ually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofexpressionIn spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makesfor an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known workslik
37、e James Weldon Johnson s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument istightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded andpenetrating criticism.12.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（ ） .A. emphasizes purely literar
38、y aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction13.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （ ） .A. evaluati
39、ng the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism14.The authors discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（ ） .A. pedantic an
40、d contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused15. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following （ ）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personalideology of Black writersB. A critical s
41、tudy that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Bla
42、ck history二 、 汉 译 英得 病 以 前 ， 我 受 父 母 宠 爱 ， 在 家 中 横 行 霸 道 。 一 旦 隔 离 ， 拘 禁 在 花 园 山 坡 上 一 幢小 房 子 里 ， 我 顿 感 到 打 入 冷 宫 ， 十 分 郁 郁 不 得 志 起 来 。 一 个 春 天 的 傍 晚 ， 园 中 百 花 怒 放 ，父 母 在 园 中 设 宴 ， 一 时 宾 客 云 集 ， 笑 语 四 溢 。 我 在 山 坡 的 小 屋 里 ， 悄 悄 地 掀 起 窗 帘 ， 窥 见园 中 大 千 世 界 ， 一 片 繁 华 。 自 己 的 哥 姐 、 堂 表 兄 弟 ， 也 穿 插 其 间 ， 个 个 喜 气 洋 洋 。 一 瞬间 ， 一 阵 被 人 摈 弃 、 为 世 所 遗 的 悲 愤 兜 上 心 头 ， 禁 不 住 痛 哭 起 来 。三 、 作 文How to Prevent Plagiarism
