1、diaphragm 膈 abdomen 腹sagittal section 矢状位coronal section 冠状位transverse section 横断面clavicie 锁骨 scapula 肩胛骨radius 桡骨 ulna 尺骨hip 髋 thigh 大腿 leg 小腿joint cavity 关节腔 capsule 关节囊sensory 感觉 motor 运动 neurone 神经元Indications 适应症therapeutic effect 疗效contraindications 禁忌症Differentiation 辩证Reinforcing 补 Reducing
2、泻p10绪论：包括四个方面：经脉 络脉 腧穴 刺灸手法It includes four aspects, i.e. the meridian and collaterals,acupoints,manipulating methods and clinical treatments.Plain Question 素问Canon of Medicine 内经Miraculous Pivot(Lingshu) 灵枢Classic on Medical problems 难经A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 针灸甲乙经Compendium of A
3、cupuncture and Moxibustion 针灸大成”For the fullness and oppression due to cold in Zang-organs,moxibustion is indicated to be applied.” 脏寒生满病，其治宜灸焫经络定义 The Meridians and collaterals are the passages through which Qi and blood can be conducted.The meridians and collaterals pertain to the Zang-fu organs i
4、nteriorly and extend to the extremities and joints exteriorly,integrating the Zang,Fu,tissues and organs into an organic whole经络内属于腑脏，外络于肢节，使脏腑筋肉组织成为一个有机整体the Twelve Regular Meridians 十二正经the Eight Extra Meridians 奇经八脉the Twelve Divergent Meridians 十二经别the Twelve Muscle Regions 十二筋经the Twelve Cutane
5、ous Regions 十二皮部the Fifteen Collaterals 十五络脉medial aspects 内侧 lateral aspects 外侧anterior 前 medium 中 posterior 后pertain to 属 Zang-organs 脏 Communicate 络 Fu-organs 腑The lung Meridian 肺经（手太阴）The Large Intestine Meridian 大肠经（手阳明）The Stomach Meridian 胃经（足阳明）The Spleen Meridian 脾经（足太阴）The Heart Meridian 心
6、经（手少阴）The Small Intestine Meridian 小肠经（手太阳）The Bladder Meridian 膀胱经（足太阳）The kidney Meridian 肾经（足少阴）The Pericardium Meridian 心包经（手厥阴）The Sanjiao Meridian 三焦经（手少阳）The Gallbladder Meridian 胆经（足少阳）The Liver Meridian 肝经（足厥阴）4. The Twelve Divergent MeridiansThe Twelve Divergent Meridians strengthen the co
7、nnections between the Zang and Fu organs by the distribution of branching out from the Twelve Regular Meridians.5. The Twelve Muscle RegionsThe Twelve Muscle Regions(or called musculartendons) are the conduits, which distribute the Qi of the Twelve Regular Meridians to the muscles,tendons and joints
8、.6.The Twelve Cutaneous RegionsThe Cutaneous Regions are within the domains of the Twelve Regular Meridians.Since the Cutaneous Regions are the most superficial part of the body tissues,they render protection to the organism,resist exopathogens and reflect pathogenic changes.P22 specific points (特定穴
9、)Five-shu Point, Yuan-primary Point, Luo-connecting Point, Xi-cleft point, Back-shu Point, Front-mu Point, Lower He-sea Point, Eight-influential Point, Eight-confluent Point and crossing point.五输穴定义 Five Shu Points refer the collective name of five specific points namely, Jing-well, ying-spring, Shu
10、-stream, jing-river and he-sea, which are located below the elbow or knees (肘膝以下) on the twelve regular meridians.难经第68章说，The jing-well point is generally indicated in epigastric fullness; the ying-spring Point in febrile diseases; the Shu-stream Point, in heaviness and joint pain, the jing-river po
11、int, in asthma and coughing with fever; the He-sea Point, in Qi rebellion(气逆)with diarrhea（泄泻）.原穴定义 “Yuan” means the origin, the primary Qi（原气）. Yuan-primary Point is the site where the yuan-primary Qi of Zang-Fu organs passes and stays.郄穴定义 the Xi-cleft Point is the site where the Qi of the meridia
12、n is deeply converged（深聚）.Back-shu points are corresponding points on the back and where the Qi of the respective Zang-Fu organs is infused; front-mu points are those on the chest and abdomen where the Qi of the respective Zang-Fu organs is infused and converged.Eight- influential Points are the eig
13、ht points where the vital essence and energy of the Zang-organs, fu-organs, Qi, blood, tendon, vessel, bone and joint.Eight-confluent Points refer to the eight points where eight meridians communicate with the twelve regular meridians, distributed on the areas superior and inferior to the wrist join
14、ts and ankle joints. P25 Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin （手太阴肺经，起于中焦，下络大肠。）The lung Meridian originates from the middle-Jiao, running downward to connect with the large intestine. Winck, it goes along the upper orifice of the stomach, passes upward through the diaphragm, and enters the lung, its pertai
15、ning organ.ZhongFu（中府穴）(LU1) Front-mu Point Location: on the upper lateral chest, 6 cun from the midline of the chest, level in the first intercostals space（第一肋间隙）.Oblique insertion 斜刺 subcutaneous insertion 平刺 perpendicular insertion 直刺Transverse crease of the wrist 腕横纹Lifting and thrusting method
16、提插 rotating method 捻转各类针刺手法名称 功效。 Pressing method（循法） It may encourage the Qi coming. Flicking method（弹法） It has the function of promoting Qi and circulating Qi.Scraping （刮法） This method is applied for strengthening the needling sensation or promoting the dispersion of the needling sensation.Shaking
17、 method（摇法） This method may be applied for strengthening needling sensation when the needle is kept straight and shaken or for promoting the dispersion of the needling sensation when horizontal.Flying method（飞法） This method is often used to promote, strengthen and circulate needling sensation.Trembl
18、ing method（颤法） It is for promoting the arrival of Qi or strengthening the needling sensation.得气定义 Getting Qi, known as Arrival of Qi in ancient time and needling Sensation in recent time, means that after the needle is inserted to a certain depth of point, it is manipulated with the needling techniq
19、ues of lifting and thrusting or rotating to get the sensation of meridian Qi.P31After the arrival of Qi, the patient feels soreness（酸）, distension（胀）, heaviness（重）,and numbness（麻）.The prognosis of a disease 疾病的预后. favorable prognosis 预后良好 unfavorable prognosis 预后不好Quick arrival of Qi suggests good e
20、ffects in treatment；slow arrival of Qi shows retarded effects in treatment.气速则效速，气迟则效迟P32Hypertension 高血压 migraine 偏头痛 traumatic injury 外伤 neuroheadache 神经性头痛The head is where all the yang meridians of hand and foot as well as Du meridian which dominates all the Yang of the body meet.头是手足阳经和总管所有阳经是的
21、督脉汇聚的地方 Exogenous headache 外感头痛 endogenous headache 内伤头痛Front headache is named as Yangming headache ; temporal headache as shaoyang headache; occipital headache as jueyin headache.Exogenous headache 外感头痛Wind-cold headache:（P32症状表现）Wind-heat headache:（症状表现）Wind-damp headache :（症状表现）Endogenous headac
22、he内伤头痛Headache by hyperactivity of liver-Yang（肝阳上亢头痛）: （P33症状表现）Headache by kidney deficiency（肾虚头痛）: （症状表现）Headache by blood deficiency（血虚头痛）: （症状表现）Headache by accumulation of phlegm-turbid（痰浊壅滞头痛）: （症状表现）Headache by blood stagnation（血瘀头痛）: （症状表现）Basic treatment Exogenous headache（外感头痛）: method To
23、dispel wind, remove obstruction from the channels and collaterals, stop pain.（通经活络，祛风止痛）Endogenous headache Excessive syndrome（实证）: method To remove obstruction from the channels and collateralsDeficient syndrome（虚证）: method to remove obstruction from the channels and collaterals, nourish the brain
24、marrow.P36Bi syndromes are caused by weakness of defensive Qi and invasion by pathogenic wind, cold, damp and heat.痹症由卫气虚弱和外感风、寒、湿、热引起。P36 Syndrome differentiation （老师说下面的有一个会考，题型不明。 ）1)Wandering Bi: （主要特点）2)Painful Bi: （主要特点）3)Fixed Bi: （主要特点）4)heat bi: （主要特点）P 39 Irregular menstruation （月经不调，各型的症状
25、和治则，可能会考）1) Predated menstruation 经早 Excessive heat type实热型 :Deficient heat type虚热型 :Qi deficient type气虚型 :2) Postdated menstruation经迟 Excessive cold type寒实型 :Deficient cold type虚寒型 :Qi stagnation type气滞型 :3) Irregular menstrual cycle月经 周期不调 Liver Qi depression type肝郁型:Kidney deficiency type肾虚型:Pred
26、ated menstruation: method To eliminate heat and regulate menstruation.清热调经Postdated menstruation: method to expel cold from meridians, harmonize the bolld circulation in the uterus.温经散寒，和血调经Irregular menstrual cycle: method To soothe the river, tonify the kidney, and regulate Chong Meridian and Ren Meridian.疏肝，补肾，调冲任
