1、Lesson Two,Hiroshima the “Liveliest City in Japan”,I . Additional Background Knowledge,1. The City of Hiroshima : a seaport, capital of Hiroshima prefecture in southwest Japan. Population (1970) 541 834. On Aug. 6,1945, Hiroshima was the first city to be struck by an atomic bomb, dropped by the U.S.
2、 air force. Almost 130 000 people were killed, injured, or missing, and 90% of the city was leveled. Much of the city has been reconstructed, but a gutted section of the city has been set aside as a “Peace City” to illustrate the effect of an atomic bomb. Since 1955, an annual world conference again
3、st nuclear weapons has met in Hiroshima.2. The first dropping of an atomic bomb-“Little Boy” Little Boy is the nick name given to the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It was Monday morning. Little Boy was dropped from the Enola Gay, one of the B-29 bombers that flew over Hiroshima
4、 on that day. After being released, it took about a minute for Little Boy to reach the point of explosion. Little Boy exploded at approximately 8:15 a.m. (Japan Standard Time) when it reached an altitude of 2,000 ft above the building that is today called the A-Bomb Dome.The people who saw the Littl
5、e Boy often say We saw another sun in the sky when it exploded.The strong wind generated by the bomb destroyed most of the houses and buildings within a 1.5 miles radius. When the wind reached the mountains, it was reflected and again hit the people in the city center. The wind generated by Little B
6、oy caused the most serious damage to the city and people. The radiation generated by the bomb caused long-term problems to those affected. Many people died within the first few months and many more in subsequent years because of radiation exposure. Some people had genetic problems which sometimes re
7、sulted in having malformed babies or being unable to have childrenIt is believed that more than 140,000 people died by the end of the year. They were citizens including students, soldiers and Koreans who worked in factories within the city. The total number of people who have died due to the bomb is
8、 estimated to be 200,000.,3. The attack on Pearl Habour:The US stayed neutral in WWII until the US Naval Base Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was bombed by the Japanese on December 07, 1941. On 7 December 1941, powerful Japanese fleet under Admiral Nagumo, with six aircraft carriers, two battleships, three cru
9、isers and nine destroyers, approached the US base at Pearl Harbour. Early that Sunday morning, when American hangovers from the night before could be expected to be at their worst, 360 Japanese aircraft swept into the attack. They were able to send back the radio code message Tora. Tora . Tora! (Tig
10、er . Tiger . Tiger!), meaning Surprise complete. The planes had been detected by radar at the base but the Americans assumed that they were friendly. The Japanese sank seven of the eight US battleship and eleven other ships. Many US aircraft were destroyed on the ground. The attack was not a great k
11、nockout. The Japanese had not destroyed everything. Vast supplies of oil and three large US aircraft carriers remained intact. But the attack on Pearl Harbour succeeded in doing what the western Allies had been trying to do for the past two years. America was shocked out of her isolation and entered
12、 what had now become a truly world-wide war.2005 is the 60th anniversary of the victory of the world anti-fascism and Chinese anti-Japanese war. Perhaps the attack on Hiroshima speeded up the end of the World War II. But what really plays the most important part is Chinese, the increasing victories
13、of the anti-Japanese war.April 28, 1945, Musolini was executed by the Italian guerrillas. April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler shot himself in the mouth.,II. Questions after the detailed study of the text,What was the writers attitude towards Hiroshima? Was Hiroshima in any way different from other Japanese
14、 cities? Even in this short description one may find some of the problems of Japan, or at least, of Hiroshima. Can you say what they are? How do the Japanese themselves look at Hiroshima? Why?,III. Analysis and Appreciation of the text,1. Type of literature: a piece of radio report 2. The purpose of
15、 a piece of radio report: to inform the auditors of the truth 3. Some characteristics of radio report: authenticity and objectivity,IV . Effective Writing Skills,1. accurately recording the dialogues with some Japanese to reinforce the authenticity of the report 2. carefully observing and describing
16、 details to reinforce the authenticity of the report 3. vivid and humorous description to make the report interesting,V . Rhetorical Devices,1. metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in s
17、imile it is explicit. (A Dictionary of Literary Terms) It is often loosely defined as “an implied comparison,” “a simile without like or as”. 1) Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 2) “陈云林今跨浅浅海峡”（齐鲁晚报头版标题2008，11，3）；“六十年一步 踏破坚冰” （齐鲁晚报头版标题2008，11，4）（两
18、处标题暗指两岸关系） 2. anti-climax- it is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first and it may disappoint you because it happens after something that was very exciting, or because it is not as exciting as you expected. E.g. In an old house all was dark. The window rattled and
19、 the candle in my hand flickered and nearly went out. I could hear my breath going in and out. The door opened slowly. Then Mum came in and put the light on and we all went to bed.,3. irony : in the title of the text -“the Liveliest”. Irony is a figure of speech that achieve emphasis by saying the o
20、pposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 1) Were lucky. Its the other side on the thirteenth of Dec. That makes us feel real good. 2) His designs were strictly honorable, as the saying is; that is, to rob a lady of her fortune by way of mar
21、riage. 3) 哼，多有本事！你在这而哭吧，打吧，多伟大的男子汉！ 4. rhetorical question: Rhetorical questions are usually asked only for stylistic effect, as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected or questions to which the answer is more or less self-evident. It is a very common device in public speakingespecially when
22、the speaker is trying to work up the emotional temperature. Shakespeare used it abundantly in his plays and with great effect.1) Was I not at the scene of the crime?2) Who can ever image a Johnson with a quick tongue?,VI . Special Difficulties,1. reading between the lines 2. paraphrasing some senten
23、ces,VII. Detail study of the text,1. must be : “Must” here expresses strong probability as the author did not understand Japanese and could not have been sure.2. slip-slide-glide: slip often suggests involuntary rather than voluntary, sometimes even definitely implying a loss of footing and a fall;
24、slide implies accelerated motion without loosing contact with the slippery surface; glide, rather close to slide, means to move smoothly, quietly and continuously as is characteristic of dances.3. a lump in ones throat: a tight feeling of pressure in ones throat because of a strong emotion such as s
25、orrow or gratitude e.g. 1) I stood there with a lump in my throat and tried to fight back tears. 2) Many British people had a lump in their throat on hearing the death of Dianna.4. step on this soil: (compare soil and earth) soil is the substance on the surface of the earth in which plants grow. We
26、can use it to refer to a countrys territory. E.g. 1) The issue of foreign troops on Turkish soil is a sensitive one. 2) Earth is the land surface on which we live and move about; or the substance on the land surface of the of the earth.,5. rhetorical question: Rhetorical questions are usually asked
27、only for stylistic effect, as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected or questions to which the answer is more or less self-evident. It is a very common device in public speakingespecially when the speaker is trying to work up the emotional temperature. E.g. 1) Are we going to tolerate this i
28、ntrusion upon our freedom? Are we going to accept these restrictions? 2) “What do I see before me?” thundered the Prime Minister, “I see a dispirited Opposition.”6. preoccupation: a thing that a person thinks about all the time preoccupied - have a preoccupation with, e. g. His main preoccupation at
29、 that time was getting enough to eat. preoccupied: thinking a lot about something or someone, and hardly notice other things e.g. Tom Banbury was preoccupied with the missing Shepherd child and did not want to devote time to the new murder.7. be oblivious of: if you are oblivious to something or obl
30、ivious of it, you are not aware of it. E.g. 1) She lay motionless where she was, oblivious to pain. 2) The pain made him oblivious of the surroundings. 3) We should be oblivious of the reality that Soviet restrain resulted only from our forcing of the issue and determined persistence.8. rub shoulder
31、 with: meet and mix with people e.g. 1)The foreign visitors said that they would like to rub shoulders with ordinary Chinese people. 2) There is not the sort of club where the great rub shoulders with the humble.（与有来往）,9. bob up and down: move up and down like something does when it is floating on w
32、ater e.g. Huge balloons bobbed about in the sky above.10. pop open: burst open with a short, sharp, slightly explosive sound e.g. 1) He untwisted the wire off the champagne bottle, and the cork popped and shot to the ceiling. 2) My eyes popped at the sight of the rich variety of food on show. (surpr
33、ised and excited)11. at the sight of: on seeing12. grin, giggle, chuckle, smile, laugh, guffaw: grin smile broadly as to show teeth, originally expressing amusement, foolish satisfaction or contempt etc., but in current English, tending to imply nave cheerfulness; giggle means laugh in a childlike w
34、ay (usu. refers to girls) because of amusement, nervousness, embarrassment; chuckle means laugh quietly; when you smile, the corners of your mouth curve up and you show your teeth; but when you laugh, you make a sound with your throat and show that you are happy or amused; guffaw is a very loud laug
35、h.13. martyred: killed or made to suffer greatly,14. flash by: If something flashes past or by, it moves past you so fast that you cann0ot see it properly. E.g. It was a busy road, cars flashed by every few minutes. 15. in response to: in answer to 16. ride: a riding, esp. a journey on a horse, or b
36、icycle, or in a vehicle etc. If you say that someone faces a rough ride, you mean that things are going to be difficult for them because people will criticize them a lot or treat them badly. If you say that someone has been taken for a ride, you mean that they have been deceived or cheated. E.g. 1)
37、The Chancellor could face a rough ride unless the plan works. 2)When he gad not returned with my money an hour later I realized that I had been taken for a ride. 17. loss of face: inability to keep up dignity, self-respect, prestige; loss of reputation; if you lose face, you do something which makes
38、 you appear weak and makes people respect or admire you less; but if you do something to save face, you do it in order to avoid appearing weak and losing peoples respect or admiration. 1) To cancel the airport would mean a loss of face for the present governor. 2) She claimed theyd been in love, but
39、 I sensed she was only saying this to save face.18. intermezzo: a short, light dramatic, musical or ballet entertainment between the acts of a play or opera; here it is used figuratively to refer to anything that fills time between two events- the cab ride that took place between his arrival at Hiro
40、shima and his planned meeting with the mayor.,19. find oneself: This pattern gives the idea of “suddenness” “unexpectedness”, that is, you are doing it without deciding or intending to do it. 1) Its not the first time that youve found yourself in this situation. 2) It all seemed so far sway from her
41、e that he found himself quite unable to take it in.20. gigantic: of very great size or extent; huge suggests immenseness of bulk, it is more specific than large.21. heave a sigh (heaved, heaved): give a sigh, utter a sigh; (in nautical use, its past t. and p.p. hove, hoven.) If someone heave/breathe
42、 a sigh of relief, they feel happy that something unpleasant has not happened or is no longer happening. 22. thanks to (fig. iron.): if you say something happens thanks to a particular person or thing, you mean that they are responsible for it happening. E.g. It is thanks to this committee that many
43、 new sponsors have come forward. If you say that something happens no/small thanks to a particular person or thing, you mean it happens in spite of them. E.g. It is no thanks to the Government that net assets did rise.23. embankment: an artificial slope made of earth and/or stones,24. a sort of: You
44、 use sort of thing when you want to say that your description of something is not very accurate; or something does not fully deserve the name; it means a kind of, something like a E.g. You could even order windows from a catalogue - a sort of mail order stained glass service.25. moor: v. If you moor
45、 a boat somewhere, you stop and tie it to the land with a rope or chain so that it cannot move away. E.g. 1) She had not moored her barge on the right bank of the river. 2) I decided to moor near some tourist boats. 3) A mooring is a place where a boat can be tied so that it cannot move away.26. por
46、celain-faced: using the traditional white make-up; a face with a fair delicate complexion27. cautiouslycarefully: Careful implies painstaking efforts, thoroughness, cautiousness in avoiding error etc. Cautious suggests a careful holding back from action until all possibilities have been considered t
47、o avoid failure or danger.28. at the prospect of: at the expectation of . Prospect here refers to something that you expect or know is going to happen. E.g. 1) They now face the prospect of having to wear a cycling helmet by law. 2) The prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indi
48、gnity.,29. site-scene, spot: Site is almost restricted to an area of ground, small or large. It may be one that has been set aside for a particular use or activity- a building site, a factory site, etc. A site may be a circumscribed locale where some event has occurred; site of the first atomic bomb
49、ardment. A spot is a specific place, either indoors or outdoors, of limited extent: a beautiful spot in which to have a picnic.30. slaykill: Slay (slew, slain) is a literary word, meaning kill or murder (esp. an enemy) in a violent way.31. thousand upon thousand: thousands of 32. linger on: if somet
50、hing such as an idea, feeling, or illness lingers, it continues to exist for a long time, often much longer than expected. E.g. 1) The scent of her perfume lingered on in the room. 2) He would rather be killed in a race than die a lingering death in hospital. If you linger somewhere, you stay there
51、for a longer time than is necessary, for example because you are enjoying yourself. E.g. 1) Customers are welcome to linger over coffee until around midnight. 2) It is a dreary little town where few would choose to linger.33. inhibited: feeling restrained, having to suppress ones emotion If you say that someone is inhibited, you mean they find it difficult to behave naturally and show their feelings, and that you think this is a bad thing. E.g. 1) We are rather inhibited about touching each other. 2) She is too inhibited to laugh at jokes about sex.,
