1、定语(attribute)：它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink cold milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的cold。注：单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面，短语或从句作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。定语从句：是指在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。 关系词的三个作用:1. 引导定语从句。2. 代替先行词。3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which关系副词有： when, where, why关系代词：关系
2、代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词，简单的理解就是在从句中代替先行词的。具体使用哪个关系代词需要参照下表，这个之前又给你讲过，先判断先行词是人还是物，在判断关系代词在从句中充当什么成分，关系代词在句中的选用不唯一，但有时候我们更加倾向于使用哪一个，具体的一些规则后面会讲。注：这里的所有格你就当成是定语来理解吧。Eg：The house whose roof is brown is mine.这句话的先行词是The house，先行词是物，关系词在从句中充当定语，所以这里我们根据表格的对应关系可以选择whose，of which，whom。关系代词的选用很好理解，下面有一些约定俗成的规则需要
3、记住：1. that可指人, 可指物, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 前面不能加介词)；There is a film (that/which Id like to see.)2. which指物, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 若介词提前则不能省) ；Jiu Quan is a city (which/that has a history of over 2000 years.)3. who指人, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 前面不能加介词)；The man (who /that is shaking hands with my father) is a policeman.4. w
4、hom指人, 作宾语 (可省略, 若介词提前则不能省) ；The man (whom/ that/ you saw just now) is our new English teacher.5. Whose 既可以指人,也可以指物,其后接名词,与先行词构成从属关系,在从句中做定语；This is the scientist (whose name is known all over the country.)注：括号里面是从句。关系代词在句中的选用不唯一，但有时候我们更加倾向于使用哪一个，具体的一些规则，需要记住的哦！一般多用that的情况：1. 先行词为all, everything, no
5、thing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine3. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。Th
6、is is the very book that belongs to him.5. who或which的问句中。Who is the girl that drove the car?Which is the book that you bought last week?6. 主句以There be 引导时。There are 200 people that didnt know the thing. 7. 当先行词在定语从句中作be表语时She isnt the girl that she was 10 years ago.以下情况用which, 不用that1. 关系代词前有介词 This
7、 is the house in which he was born.2. 在非限制性定语从句中Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.注：如果你记不住需要用that的情况，那你就记住不能用that的情况吧！1.All _ we need is to be supplied with food and clothing. A. what B. that C. which D. whom2. The man_talked to you just now is an engineer. A. who
8、B. whose C. which D. what3. Can you tell me the name of the factory_ you visited last week? A. what B. in where C. / D. when4. I dont like the way_ you speak to her. A. that B. in that C. who D. whose5. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons_ none of us has ever heard of. A
9、. which B. who C. whom D. that6. Who is the person_ is talking about the accident _ happened on Highway 104? A. which; which B. who; what C. that; that D. what; what7. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing _ I have said. A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which
10、 D. that; thatBACADCDwhen, where, why属于关系副词, 都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语。其具体用法如下： 关系副词 where:关系副词where引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。相当于“介词+ 关系代词(which)”。This is the office where he worked. 这就是他工作过的办公室。We visited the house where Lu Xun once lived. 我们参观了鲁迅故居。关系副词 when:关系副词 when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语。相当于“介
11、词+关系代词(which)”。I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。关系副词 why:关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。I dont know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。That is the reason why I dont want to go. 那就是我不想去的理由。 注：关系副词实际上是介词先行词，关系代词实际上是代替关系词，所以我们可以使用介词+关系代词代替关系副词。时间
12、 when = in/at/on/during which地点 where = at/in/on which原因 why = for which要注意以下几点：1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词which”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定，例如：I shall never forget those years when I lived with her. = I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her.我将永远不会忘记我跟她生活的那些岁月。 2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when
13、或where来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。 Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 你还记得我们一起在学校度过的那些日子吗？分析：先行词the days表时间，但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语，因此不能用when而应该用which或that。 3. that有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词when, where, why, 且that常可以省略。This is t
14、he time (when/that) he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词来引导。限制性定语从句拿掉以后，句子意思常发生变化，甚至不能成立。我们前面复习的都属于限定性定语从句。非限制性定语从句对所修饰的词没有没有限制词义的作用，而只是补充一些说明，通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开。既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导（这个是考点，不能用that引导非限定性定语从句）。1.Peter, who had been driving all day,
15、 turn out to be innocent. 2.在非限制定语从句中which和whom 常可以和of或其他介词连用I picked up the apples, some of which are badly bruised.3Which指代前面一整个句子They rely on themselves, which is much better.He changed his mind, which made me very angry.4.which 有时在从句中作定语I called him for wrong name, for which mistake I should apo
16、logize.(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句
17、中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted th
18、ree years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 which指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so
19、many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，
20、where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且
21、引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如， 就像”之意。 如：As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作
22、，他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)Boy as he was， he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)as we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
