1、 一般功能性词汇1. 因果关系 导致，产生 give rise to,lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt解析：give rise to, lead to, result in 表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成 ”；beresponsible for 不仅表示“为负责”，也可以表示“ 产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面” ；prompt 表示 “激发”（To move to act; spur;incite），有“ 快速产生”之意。Fast-paced modern life is
2、responsible for the consumption of junk food.The bishops speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties.Sharon Stones remarks about Chinas Sichuan earthquake prompted angryresponses from the Chinese public. 产生于 result from, originate in (from)解析：result from 表示“产生于”；originate in (f
3、rom)表示“ 发源自”例句：Youtiao originated in China. 归因于 attribute .to, blameon, be the culprit of解析：attribute A to B 表示“ 将A 归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“ 将A（负面的）归咎于B”；culprit 本意表示“ 罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“ 造成某种负面后果的原因 ”（the reason for a particular problem ordifficulty）例句：Children today ar
4、e getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe thatexcessive consumption is the main culprit. 使某人做某事 prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth解析：prompt 指“ 令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发” ；motivate一般功能性词汇2指“成为某人的做某事的动机”Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. 原因 cause, reason解析：
5、cause 指“造成某事客观原因 ”，reason 指“用来解释的理由”。Reason并不一定就是cause.跟cause 有关的几种常用搭配：真实原因 real cause,根本原因root cause, underlying cause主要原因major cause, primary cause可能的原因likely cause, possible causecontributory cause例句：The reason he gave for his poor academic performances is that he hadrecently went through a emot
6、ional meltdown. But I know that is not the real cause.Unhealthy eating habits have many other contributory causes.2. 事物数量 几个 several, a number of, a couple of解析：several 略显非正式；A number of 是正式表达。A couple of daysAcross the street from me there are a couple of police officers standing guard 很多个 可数 a lar
7、ge (vast) number of, numerous, a host of, a legion of , aflock of , flock to do sth解析：A host of 表示“ 大量的” 指”事物“。Legion 本意指 “军团”、flock 本意表“羊群”，legion 和flock 都表示“大量的某一类人” 。例句：Making public transportation free might create a host of problems.一般功能性词汇3Flocks of consumers are buying products that they have
8、 no real use for. 很多，大量 不可数 a large deal (amount, supply, quantity) of辨析：quantity 指“可以装在容器中的某物”；supply 指“提供的某物”例句：a large quantity of drugs, a large quantity of food and drink, a large supplyof oxygen, a large supply of food 很多 可数 &不可数 plenty of辨析：plenty of 可修饰可数和不可数名词 充足的 sufficient, adequate辨析：指“数
9、量 ”、“质量“、”效力” 能够满足需求的。例句：sufficient income, an adequate supply of food, a sufficient supply of usefulinformation 不充足的 insufficient, inadequate 十分充足的 ample辨析：指more than enough，搭配较为局限。例句：Ample evidence, ample opportunity, ample time3. 重要性 重要的 basic, fundamental, essential, vital, integral, indispensab
10、le解析：essential 表示“因为是本质，所以必不可少的”；integral 表示“因为是构成整体的一部分，所以必不可少的”，经常出现在integral part 这样的搭配中；indispensable 表示“必不可少的”。一般功能性词汇4Pets are an integral part of the American way of life 重要 must, necessity, precondition, prerequisite, priority解析：must 做名词，表示“必要的某物” （Something indispensable）；prerequisite 表示 “先
11、决条件”（Required or necessary as a prior condition）If you live in a city, a car is a must.The seriousness of traffic jams highlights the necessity of controllingautomobiles in cities.In the modern society, having a college diploma is almost a prerequisite for/tosuccess.A sufficient TOEFL score is almos
12、t a prerequisite for applying for Americancolleges or universities. 使成为必要 necessitateApplying for American colleges or universities necessitates taking TOEFL.Having music classes necessitates buying musical instruments, which can bevery expensive. 紧迫 urgent, pressing, imperativeImperative 表示“需要立刻关注或
13、采取行动的 ”。（ Compelling immediateattention）There is an urgent need for fresh water and ample food.Pressing need/matter/problemIt is imperative to protect the endangered animals. 不重要 minor, secondary, low priority, take the second placeProtecting the environment is urgent, but it does not mean that inve
14、sting inmedical care takes a back seat一般功能性词汇54. 事物的大小和程度 较大 considerable, significant, considerably, significantly 巨大 tremendous(ly), enormous(ly) 过度 excessive, excessively 极度 extreme, extremely在极端情况下In extreme circumstances, in extreme cases 合理适度 reasonable, reasonably, moderate, moderately5. 相似性
15、相同的 be similar (to), alike, comparable解析：similar 和comparable 既可以做表语也可以作定语，alike 做定语和状语。The Chinese culture and the Korean culture are alike (similar, comparable) inmany aspects.The girls are of comparable (similar) ages.Lawyers and politicians alike （只能用alike）require a strong ability to speak. 不同的 d
16、ifferent, distinct解析：distinct 表示“差异一望而知的，截然不同的。”（Readily distinguishablefrom all others）Traveling in foreign countries allow people to get a taste of distinct cultures.一般功能性词汇66. 方面 aspect, facet解析：facet 本意是宝石的切面，比喻义 “多个方面中的一个 ”（One ofnumerous aspects, as of a subject.）The Internet has had tremendou
17、s impacts on every facet of the modern life. In terms of 在“某方面”7. 变化 增加 不及物 increase, grow, rise 使增加及物 increase, boost 变少 及物 decrease, dwindle 使减少不及物 decrease, reduce, cut, trim, slash 越来越 increasingly, progressively8. 时间 开始 advent解释：advent 指“某重大事件的开始”（The coming or arrival, especially ofsomething e
18、xtremely important）.the leap forward in communication made possible by the advent of the mobile一般功能性词汇7phone. 及时 up-to-date, keep up with, catch up withIt is important to keep up with news. 过时 out-of-date, renderobsoleteThe advent of digital books will render paper books obsolete eventually. 代替 take
19、 the place of, replace, supplant 短期的 temporary, short term 长期的 lasting, long term 最终 eventually9. 意愿 强制 mandatory 选择 optional10.可能性 可能 possible, likely, probable, chances are good that, conceivable,possibility, likelihood, probability解析：possible 可能性最小, likely 和probable 最大 , chances are good that 相当于
20、likely 或probableIf the public transportation system is made free, chances are good that bus or一般功能性词汇8subway companies will have difficulty operating.There is a possibility (likelihood, probability) 相当于 it is possible that；there isa strong possibility (likelihood, probability) that 相当于probable；in al
21、l probability和in all likelihood 表示almost certain 必定 be certain to , be sure to, be bound to解析：be bound to 表示“必定会”The tuitions are certain (sure, bound) to increase if teachers are paid more. 不可能 impossible, unlikely, improbable 可行的 practical, viableSolar power is now a viable alternative to oil-fire
22、d water heaters. 不可行的 impractical11.利弊分析 好事/坏事 blessing, curse 有益 bring benefits to, benefit from 有害 cause damage/harm to 改善，提高 及物 improve, enhance 削弱 及物 weaken, undermine, take a toll on 提供 provide, offer, afford一般功能性词汇9 获得 gain, acquire 帮助 be helpful to, be instrumental in, go a long way towardsPr
23、actice is instrumental in achieving top scores in TOEFL. 培养 develop, foster, honeFoster an interest, foster a sense of community, foster democracy and prosperityIt takes time to hone management skills. 促成 contribute to, a contributing factorFast-paced life is a major contributing factor to unhealthy
24、 habits. 使；令 make, enable, allow, make it possible12.优秀的 excellent, outstanding, stand out from13.平庸的 mediocre14.差的 poor awful, terrible一般功能性词汇1015.安全和危险 保护 protect, safeguardSafeguard interests, safeguard rights, safeguard welfare 危害 endanger, putin danger, be at risk16.动作 做 do, engage in According
25、 to a recent survey, only 10 percentage of Chinese high school studentsengage in regular physical activity because academics take too much of their time. 参与 take part in, participate in 全力做 try ones best, go all out in doing, throw ones heart and soul in,endeavor to The government should endeavor to
26、 improve the horrible conditions of the innercity slums. 不做 fail to, abstain from, stay away from17.证明和举例 证明 back up, validate The research has validated the long-held belief that single-gender classes havepositive impacts on students academic performances.一般功能性词汇11 举例is a case in point. Take. for example.18.比较 compare favorably with, be superior to, be preferable to解析：compare favorably with 表示“和在比较中占优”Chinese students compare favorably with their American peers in terms of mathperformance.
