1、The Differences in History and Culture between Chinese and Western Architecture中教1301 魏泽宇,Chinese and the west with different regions, history and culture also have different architectural philosophy. Meanwhile, the Chinese people and westerners also have quite differences on aesthetic standards, ch
2、aracter and temperament. All these impact the local arts of architectural design. 地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。 Therefore, at first, we specially discussed some differences on the root of the architecture between the east and the west. Herein, I take Greece
3、as the western representative.因此，特地在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的代表。,Building materials, reflected the different between Chinese and western material culture.,建筑材料，反映了中国和西方物质文化之间的不同。,Judging from the building materials, in modern architecture not produced before, all the world has developed mature
4、 construction system, basically, are for major construction materials to bricky build, belongs to the brick structure system. Such as the pyramids in Egypt, ancient Greek temple, Roman chichen itza, the ShuShuiDao, in Europe in the middle ages, the church. 从建材来看，在现代建筑没有产生之前，世界上所有的已开发成熟的体系建设中，建筑材料主要是
5、砖石，属于砖混结构体系。如埃及金字塔、古希腊神庙、欧洲中世纪的教堂,Only in Chinese ancient buildings (including neighbouring Japan, Korea and other regions) is the wood to do the main frame houses, belong to timberwork system, thus is known as “wood history“.只有中国古建筑（包括邻近的日本，韩国等地区）是木头做的主框架的房屋，属于木结构体系，因此被称为“木史”。,The layout of archite
6、ctural space, reflect the different characteristics between Chinese and western system culture建筑空间布局，反映了中国和西方制度文化之间的不同特点。,China whatever building, from housing to the palace, almost is a pattern, similar to the “quad“ mode. The beauty of Chinese architecture is a kind of “collective“ beauty. For exa
7、mple; Beijing palace, the Ming tombs Ming temple, qufu 中国建筑无论从室内到室外，几乎是一个模式，类似于“四”模式。中国建筑的美是一种“集体”之美。例如;北京故宫，十三陵明寺，曲阜,第一个区别:希腊的架构是感性和完美的寻求造型艺术和形式美,然而，中国建筑在很大程度上受到伦理思想的影响。第二个区别:中国和西方建筑的历史和文化区别是西方的民主和中国的专制、分层思想精神的体现第三个区别:西方建筑的神秘宗教内容和中国的和谐现实主义。西方人信奉上帝，然而，中国人认为他们的命运将掌握在自己手中。,Firstly, we discuss the perc
8、eptional architecture in Greece. The ancient Greek architecture pursued plastic arts, and each building seemed to be a sculpture. They pursued harmony and considered that human body was the most harmonious and beautiful shape in the world. The physical beauty is well reflected in their architectures
9、. For instance, the Doric order represented male model is resolute and magnificent. The Ionic order represented female model is gentle and graceful. As shown in graphs:,The first difference,首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上得到了很好的体现，如代表男体的多立克柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女体的爱奥尼
10、柱式柔和端丽。,多立克柱式是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种（公元前7世纪），（另外2种柱式是爱奥尼柱式和科林斯柱式），它们都源于古希腊。 特点是比较粗大雄壮，没有柱础，柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰，多立克柱又被称为男性柱。来显示刚劲和力量。 最早的高度与直径之比为6：1，后来改至7：1。著名的雅典卫城（Athen Acropolis）的帕提农神庙（Parthenon）即采用的是多立克柱式。,这多立克式的是高浮雕，甚至圆雕，强调体积，爱奥尼式的是薄浮雕，强调线条。 这两种柱式，确实可以说是分别典型的概括了男性和女性的体态与性格，不仅是像维特鲁威所说的那样简单地模仿男体和女体的比例。,。 N
11、ext, we explored the spirit of ethics in Chinese architecture. Contrary to the tendency of pursuing formal beauty, attractive appearance and sculpture in Greece, the Chinese people dont pursue the external beauty but consider that the architecture is the place of living, thinking and cultivating mor
12、al, and should focus on ethics. 接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点,The first difference,在古希腊建筑中，大型建筑往往依地势而建，并不强调中轴对称和等级思想。如雅典的建筑卫城中，建筑物的安排顺应地势，布局方式自由活泼，给人的感觉是生机勃勃多于庄严肃穆。,The second difference,图 雅典卫城山门 Graph 4 the Propylaea in Athens Acropolis,In the ancient
13、 Greek architectures, the large-scale buildings are often established according to the topography, not emphasized the axis symmetry and hierarchical thinking. For instance, in the Acropolis of Athens, the layout of buildings is in accordance with the topography. The free and lively layout makes peop
14、le full of vigor more than in a solemn and awe-inspiring atmosphere.,In the ancient Chinese architectures, there always showed the well-fortified hierarchy from the layout, dimension, structural units, architectural ornaments, building materials to the city size, even the road width, etc. The strong
15、 hierarchy regulations are filled with everywhere. Even some relative laws and regulation involved.而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒森严的等级制度，从建筑的布局方位、形体大小、结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑材料到城市大小、道路宽度等等，处处凝聚着强烈的等级规范。甚至还有相关法律规定。,The second difference,The third difference is the mysterious religious content of the western architecture and har
16、monic realism in China. The westerners believe in god and have a kind of extraordinary devotion to religion. However, the Chinese people believe that their fates will be in their own hands. They will be safe and sound if abiding by the laws and behave themselves. They will be punished if making mist
17、akes. The Chinese people are very realistic. They will not believe in God too much but live in peace and coordinate with reality. Even the ancient Chinese religious buildings are also filled with quite a strong secular color. 第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己就会
18、平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的世俗色彩。,The third difference,西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在古建筑中宗教建筑往往代表着时代建筑的最高水平。设计师们使用垂直发展的空间序列和挺拔向上的形式，来表达人们对神的崇拜以及对天国的热切向往和痴迷。西方人不像中国人重视世俗皇权，而是重视自己心灵中的神，用最好的材料、最好的技术来建造一座座名垂千古的神庙和教堂。,The third difference,The westerners paid more attention to the reli
19、gious buildings. In the ancient buildings, the religious buildings often represent the top level of the architecture at that time. The designers applied the vertical space sequence and upward straight form to express the peoples worship to the God and the eager yearning and infatuation to the heaven
20、. The westerners paid less attention to the secularity and authority than the Chinese, but paid more attention to the God in their minds. They established many immortal temples and churches with the best materials and techniques.,此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，无论是帕提农神庙，还是万神庙和基督教的教堂，它们的内部空间都具有某种神秘的感召力量
21、，讲置身其中的人们的精神引导向缥缈的远方。 In addition, the architects often make use of shadow to create the rich and mysterious atmosphere in religious buildings, whether Parthenon or the Pantheon and temples and Christ church, their internal space have some mysterious power to guide the spirit of the present people to the elusive and distant place.,The third difference,图 帕提农神庙Graph 5 Thel Parthenon 图 万神庙 Graph 6 the Pantheon 图 圣索非亚大教堂Graph 7. Hagia Sophia cathedral,The Leaning Tower of Pisa,Gothic,Baroque,Rococo,飞檐斗拱,四合院式,Thank You!,
