1、Englands literary folle - The Bronte Sisters,The Bronte Sisters,Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bront,Anne Bront,(1816-1855),(1820-1849),(18181848),Charlotte Bronte,LifeWorksWriting styleInfluence,（Jane Eyre） 简爱 1847 （Shirley） 雪莉 1849（Villette） 维莱特 1853 （The Professor） 教师 1857,Masterpiece,Shirley,一八四九年五月，妹妹安
2、妮勃朗特离世。在死亡的阴影和困惑下，夏洛蒂勃朗特坚持完成了雪莉，寄托她对妹妹的哀思，书中描写有英国早期自发的工人运动，获得至高评价。,Villette,本书是夏洛蒂勃朗特的最后一部作品，无论从创作思想或艺术手法上都比以前的作品更为成熟。本书的女主人公从许多方面来说，就是作者本人的真实写照，作者借本书展示了自己的主要经历，向世人倾诉自己的心声。,The Professor,教师（The Professor），创作于简爱之前，不过因为许多出版社拒绝出版，所以直到夏洛蒂死后1857年才出版。,Writing style,夏洛蒂勃朗特巧妙改造早期的男式风格罗曼司（骑士文学）而成的妇女专有文学形式。在勃
3、朗特的小说里，“高贵的男性模式”被淡化，那种手持锋利的宝剑，身穿闪闪的盔甲的骑士已经不是罗曼司的主要画面，取而代之的是女主人公的行动背景、感情世界、生活行为。从女性文学的角度看，简爱的出走正体现了夏洛蒂 勃朗特那隐约表露的女权主义倾向，然而，她的这种意识却并没有“革命彻底”。 在写作风格上，夏洛蒂也独树一帜。她文笔简洁而传神，质朴而生动，加之第一人称的叙述语言，使得小说贴近读者，贴近现实。同时，小说又体现了欧洲浪漫主义文学传统的特点，显示出作者丰富的想象力和诗人的气质。作者在叙述中自然地使用了梦境、幻觉、预感和象征、隐喻等手法，使小说的“自然”境界扑朔朦胧，情节扣人心弦。,Influence,
4、夏洛蒂勃朗特虽然一生仅写了四部小说（即：教师、简爱、谢利和维莱特，其中教师在她去世后才出版），但她在文学史上却有着相当重要的地位。在她的小说中，最突出的主题就是女性要求独立自主的强烈愿望。这一主题可以说在她所有的小说中都顽强地表现出来，而将女性的呼声作为小说主题，这在她之前的英国文学史上是不曾有过的她是表现这一主题的第一人。此外，她的小说还有一个特点，那就是人物和情节都与她自己的生活息息相关，因而具有浓厚的抒情色彩。女性主题加上抒情笔调，这是夏洛蒂勃朗特创作的基本特色，也是她对后世英美作家的影响所在。后世作家在处理女性主题时，都不同程度地受到她的影响，尤其是关心女性自身命运问题的女作家，更是尊
5、她为先驱，并把她的作品视为“现代女性小说”的楷模。,Emily Bront,LifeWorksWriting styleInfluence,Wuthering heights,Plot,Prologue (chapters 1 to 3) Mr Lockwood, a rich man from the south, has rented Thrushcross Grange in the north of England for peace and recuperation(恢复;挽回 ). Soon after arrival, he visits his landlord, Mr Hea
6、thcliff, who lives in the remote moorland(荒野;高沼地 ) farmhouse called “Wuthering Heights“. He finds the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights to be a strange group: Mr Heathcliff appears a gentleman but his manners and speech suggest otherwise; the mistress of the house is in her mid teens, an attractive b
7、ut reserved, even rude woman; and there is a young man who appears to be one of the family although he dresses and talks like a servant.,Being snowed in, he has to stay the night and is shown to an unused chamber where he finds books and graffiti(涂鸦) from a former inhabitant of the farmhouse called
8、“Catherine“. When he falls asleep, his dreams are prompted by this person and he has a nightmare where he sees her as a ghost trying to get in through the window. He wakes and is unable to return to sleep so, as soon as the sun rises, he is escorted back to Thrushcross Grange by Heathcliff. There he
9、 asks his housekeeper, Ellen Dean, to tell him the story of the family from the Heights.,The Childhood of Heathcliff (chapters 4 to 17),The story begins thirty years before when the Earnshaw family lived at Wuthering Heights consisting of, as well as the mother and father, Hindley, a boy of fourteen
10、, and six-year-old Catherine, the same person that he had dreamt about and the mother of the present mistress. In that year, Mr Earnshaw travels to Liverpool where he finds a homeless, gypsy boy of about seven whom he decides to adopt as his son. He names him “Heathcliff“. Hindley, who finds himself
11、 excluded from his fathers affections by this newcomer, quickly learns to hate him but Catherine grows very attached to him. Soon Heathcliff and Catherine are like twins, spending hours on the moors together and hating every moment apart. Because of this discord, Hindley is eventually sent to colleg
12、e but he returns, three years later, when Mr Earnshaw dies. With a new wife, Frances, he becomes master of Wuthering Heights and forces Heathcliff to become a servant instead of a member of the family.,Heathcliff and Cathy continue to run wild and, in November, a few months after Hindleys return, th
13、ey make their way to Thrushcross Grange to spy on the inhabitants. As they watch the childish behaviour of Edgar and Isabella Linton, the children of the Grange, they are spotted and try to escape. Catherine, having been caught by a dog, is brought inside and helped while Heathcliff is sent home. Fi
14、ve weeks later, Catherine returns to Wuthering Heights but she has now changed, looking and acting as a lady. She laughs at Heathcliffs unkempt appearance and, the next day when the Lintons visit, he dresses up to impress her. It fails when Edgar makes fun of him and they argue. Heathcliff is locked
15、 in the attic where, in the evening, Catherine climbs over the roof to comfort him. He vows to get his revenge on Hindley.,In the summer of the next year, Frances gives birth to a child, Hareton, but she dies before the year is out. This leads Hindley to descend into a life of drunkenness and waste.
16、 Two years on and Catherine has become close friends with Edgar, growing more distant from Heathcliff. One day in August, while Hindley is absent, Edgar comes to visit Catherine . She has an argument with Ellen which then spreads to Edgar who tries to leave. Catherine stops him and, before long, the
17、y declare themselves lovers.Later, Catherine talks with Ellen, explaining that Edgar had asked her to marry him and she had accepted. She says that she does not really love Edgar but Heathcliff. Unfortunately she could never marry the latter because of his lack of status and education. She therefore
18、 plans to marry Edgar and use that position to help raise Heathcliffs standing. Unfortunately Heathcliff had overheard the first part about not being able to marry him and flees from the farmhouse. He disappears without trace and, after three years, Edgar and Catherine are married.,Six months after
19、the marriage, Heathcliff returns as a gentleman, having grown stronger and richer during his absence. Catherine is delighted to see him although Edgar is not so keen. Isabella, now eighteen, falls madly in love with Heathcliff, seeing him as a romantic hero. He despises her but encourages the infatu
20、ation, seeing it as a chance for revenge on Edgar. When he embraces Isabella one day at the Grange, there is an argument with Edgar which causes Catherine to lock herself in her room and fall ill. Heathcliff has been staying at the Heights, gambling with Hindley and teaching Hareton bad habits. Hind
21、ley is gradually losing his wealth, mortgaging the farmhouse to Heathcliff to repay his debts.,While Catherine is ill, Heathcliff elopes with Isabella, causing Edgar to disown his sister. The fugitives marry and return two months later to Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff hears that Catherine is ill and
22、 arranges with Ellen to visit her in secret. In the early hours of the day after their meeting, Catherine gives birth to her daughter, Cathy, and then dies. The day after Catherines funeral, Isabella flees Heathcliff and escapes to the south of England where she eventually gives birth to Linton, Hea
23、thcliffs son. Hindley dies six months after his sister and Heathcliff finds himself the master of Wuthering Heights and the guardian of Hareton.,The Maturity of Heathcliff ( chapters 18 to 31),Twelve years on, Cathy has grown into a beautiful, high-spirited girl who has rarely passed outside the bor
24、ders of the Grange. Edgar hears that Isabella is dying and leaves to pick up her son with the intention of adopting him. While he is gone, Cathy meets Hareton on the moors and learns of her cousin and Wuthering Heights existence.Edgar returns with Linton who is a weak and sickly boy. Although Cathy
25、is attracted to him, Heathcliff wants his son with him and insists on having him taken to the Heights.Three years later, Ellen and Cathy are on the moors when they meet Heathcliff who takes them to Wuthering Heights to see Linton and Hareton. His plans are for Linton and Cathy to marry so that he wo
26、uld inherit Thrushcross Grange. Cathy and Linton begin a secret and interrupted friendship.,In August of the next year, while Edgar is very ill, Ellen and Cathy visit Wuthering Heights and are held captive by Heathcliff who wants to marry his son to Cathy and, at the same time, prevent her from retu
27、rning to her father before he dies. After five days, Ellen is released and Cathy escapes with Lintons help just in time to see her father before he dies.With Heathcliff now the master of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, Cathy has no choice but to leave Ellen and to go and live with Hea
28、thcliff and Hareton. Linton dies soon afterwards and, although Hareton tries to be kind to her, she retreats into herself. This is the point of the story at which Lockwood arrives.After being ill with a cold for some time, Lockwood decides that he has had enough of the moors and travels to Wuthering
29、 Heights to inform Heathcliff that he is returning to the south.,Epilogue (chapters 32 to 34),In September, eight months after leaving, Lockwood finds himself back in the area and decides to stay at Thrushcross Grange (since his tenancy(租赁；租约；租用权 ) is still valid until October). He finds that Ellen
30、is now living at Wuthering Heights. He makes his way there and she fills in the rest of the story.Ellen had moved to the Heights soon after Lockwood had left to replace the housekeeper who had departed. In March, Hareton had had an accident and been confined to the farmhouse. During this time, a fri
31、endship had developed between Cathy and Hareton. This continues into April when Heathcliff begins to act very strangely, seeing visions of Catherine. After not eating for four days, he is found dead in his room. He is buried next to Catherine.Lockwood departs but, before he leaves, he hears that Har
32、eton and Cathy plan to marry on New Years Day.,Characters,Heathcliff: Found, and presumably orphaned, on the streets of Liverpool, he is taken to Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw and reluctantly cared for by the rest of the family. He and Catherine later grow close, and their love becomes the centr
33、al theme of the first volume; his revenge and its consequences are the main theme of the second volume. Heathcliff is typically considered a Byronic hero(拜伦式英雄), but critics have found his character, with a capacity for self-invention, to be profoundly difficult to assess. His position in society, w
34、ithout status (Heathcliff serves as both his given name and surname), is often the subject of Marxist criticism(马克思批判主义 ),Catherine Earnshaw: First introduced in Lockwoods discovery of her diary and etchings, Catherines life is almost entirely detailed in the first volume. She seemingly suffers from
35、 a crisis of identity, unable to choose between nature and culture (and, by extension, Heathcliff and Edgar). Her decision to marry Edgar Linton over Heathcliff has been seen as a surrender to culture, and has implications for all the characters of Wuthering Heights. The character of Catherine has b
36、een analysed by many forms of literary criticism, including: psychoanalytic(心理分析的 ) and feminist (男女平等主义者 ),Edgar Linton: Introduced as a child of the Linton family, who reside at Thrushcross Grange, Edgars life and mannerisms are immediately contrasted with those of Heathcliff and Catherine, and in
37、deed the former dislikes him. Yet, owing much to his status, Catherine marries him and not Heathcliff. This decision, and the differences between Edgar and Heathcliff, have been read into by feminist criticisms.,Nelly Dean: The second and primary narrator of the novel, Nelly has been a servant of ea
38、ch generation of both the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is presented as a character who straddles the idea of a culture versus nature divide in the novel: she is a local of the area and a servant, and has experienced life at Wuthering Heights. However, she is also an educated woman and has lived
39、 at Thrushcross Grange. This idea is represented in her having two names, Ellenher given name and used to show respect, and Nellyused by her familiars. Whether Nelly is an unbiased narrator and how far her actions, as an apparent bystander, affect the other characters are two points of her character
40、 discussed by critics,Isabella Linton: Introduced as part of the Linton family, Isabella is only ever shown in relation to other characters. She views Heathcliff as a romantic hero, despite Catherines warning her against such a view, and becomes an unwitting participant in his plot for revenge. Afte
41、r being married to Heathcliff and abused at Wuthering Heights, she escapes to London and gives birth to Linton. Such abusive treatment has led many, especially feminist critics, to consider Isabella the true/conventional tragic romantic figure of Wuthering Heights. Hindley Earnshaw: Catherines broth
42、er who marries Frances, an unknown woman to the family, and only reveals this when Mr. Earnshaw dies. He spirals into destructive behaviour after her death and ruins the Earnshaw family with his drinking and gambling.,Hareton Earnshaw: The son of Hindley and Frances, initially raised by Nelly but pa
43、ssed over to in effect Joseph and Heathcliff. The former works to instill a sense of pride in Earnshaw heritage, even though Hareton has no right to the property associated with it. The latter strives to teach him all sorts of vulgarities as a way of avenging himself on Haretons father, Hindley. Har
44、eton speaks with a similar accent to Joseph and works as a servant in Wuthering Heights, unaware of his true rights. His appearance regularly reminds Heathcliff of Catherine. Catherine Linton: The daughter of Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar Linton, she is a spirited girl, though unaware of her parents
45、history. Edgar is very protective of her and as a result she is constantly looking beyond the confines of the Grange.,Linton Heathcliff: The son of Heathcliff and Isabella, he is a very weak child and his character resembles Heathcliffs, though without its only redeeming(买回;赎回 ) feature: love. He ma
46、rries Catherine, but only under the direction of his father, whom he discovers only as he enters his teens. Joseph: A servant at Wuthering Heights who is a devout Christian. He speaks with an almost unintelligible accent, though Bronte has been often commended on her very accurate transcription of i
47、t.,Lockwood: The narrator of the book, he comes to rent Thrushcross Grange from Heathcliff to escape society but finally decides he prefers company rather than end up as Heathcliff. Frances: A generally amiable character, her marriage to Hindley is unrevealed until Mr Earnshaw dies. Kenneth: A docto
48、r in the nearby village of Gimmerton. Zillah: A servant to Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights in the time after Catherines death.,欧美文学中的哥特传统是研究呼啸山庄的创作源泉的一个重要课题，艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度、新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使呼啸山庄具有永恒的艺术魅力。,Writing style,1.主题与哥
49、特传统,艾米莉的呼啸山庄也继承了哥特传统，大量采用了哥特手法。首先，其主题就涉及了仇恨、阴谋和继承权的争夺。弃儿希刺克厉夫被“呼啸山庄”的主人欧肖收养，欧肖的女儿凯瑟琳与他从小友爱，产生了炽烈的爱情。而庄主的儿子辛德礼却仇恨他。老欧肖死后，把他降为奴仆，百般凌辱。凯瑟琳为了得到“画眉田庄”主人林顿的财产资助希刺克厉夫而嫁给了林顿。希刺克厉夫得知后愤然出走。几年后，希刺克厉夫致富归来，使辛德礼倾家荡产，并诱骗林顿之妹与他成婚，恣意虐待。凯瑟琳终因不能同希刺克厉夫结合而凄然病逝。对这样一个故事情节，评论家却有种种不同的解释。有的认为作者借这部作品表达了爱情的主题，还有人把它作为一部神秘小说来看待。笔者认为，作者借这一故事情节深刻地揭示了人性这一重大主题。人性原本是美好的，和谐的，但这种美好与和谐却会被某种因素打破，而打破之后，人性就会丧失。对我们每个人来说，人性的丧失是可怕的。面对丧失人性的人，我们往往是恐惧的，这种恐惧是源自心灵深处的。但在我们的心灵深处，还存在另一层意念，那就是希望人性的回归。这部探索人性的小说就是从人性的冻结状态入手，为我们展现人性丧失的全过程，最后，在大家的期待之中，我们迎来了人性的回归。,
