1、广州英语- 上海牛津版 -七年级下 -重点语法1. 反意疑问句反意疑问句是由两部分组成的,前一部分是对事物的陈述(即陈述句) ,后一部分是简短的提问(即简短疑问句) ,中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句,后一部分就用否定疑问句;如果前一部分用否定句,后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用 yes 或no 来表示。肯定反意疑问句的回答和否定反意疑问句的回答翻译成汉语是有区别的:1)肯定反意疑问句回答时 yes 和 no 翻译成汉语时是一致的:例如:“Its new, isnt it?“ “Yes,it is.“ (“这是新的,对吗?” “是,是新的。 ”)“Its new
2、, isnt it?“ “No,it isnt.“(“这是新的,对吗?” “不,不是新的。 ”)2)而否定反意疑问句回答时 yes 和 no 翻译成汉语时是不一致的:如:“It isnt new, is it?“ “Yes,it is.“ (“这不是新的,对吗?” “不,是新的。 ”)“It isnt new, is it?“ “No,it isnt.“(“这不是新的,对吗?” “是,不是新的。 ”) 2. 现在进行时一、目前(甚至说话时)进行的动作。二、目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作。现在进行时是由 be (am / is / are)+v.-ing (动词现在分词)构成。否定形
3、式是: am not/isnt / arent + v.-ing;一般疑问句形式则是 Am / Is / Are+主语 + v.-ing?常和现在进行时连用的时间状语有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days 等或者句中有 listen, look,此外,我们还可以根据上下句来判断是否用现在进行时。某些表示思想、感觉、所属或状态等静态动词如 believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等,一般不用现在进行时
4、。3. when, while 和 as 的区别时间连词 while,as 与 when 是同义词,均可解为“当时候” ,用来引导时间状语从句。when 引导的状语从句时态用一般过去时或一般现在时,而 while 后的状语从句时态是进行时,其次 when 和 while 在表示时间上,when 往往指时间上的一点,而 while 指一段时间,while 另指“在的同时”Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.She began to learn English when she was fiv
5、e. as 有时可与 when, while 通用,但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生,不是一前一后。As we walked, we talked.4. also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中,语气较轻,通常用于肯定句或疑问句,一般不用于否定句,且通常放在句末。如:Are they coming, too as well? 注意:在 Me too; You too 这类简略答语中,通常不用 as well 或 also。2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式,一般也不用于否定句,它在句中的位置通常
6、是紧靠动词,即放在行为动词之前,特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末( 但不常见) 。如:She is young and beautiful,and also rich. 说明:also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号 ),相当于连词 and。如:Also, his mother was dead. 3) either(也) 通常只用于否定句,且要放在句末。如:He hasn t finished it, either. 5. 人称代词人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称,每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下: 单数 复数格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I
7、me we us第二人称 you you you you第三人称 he him they them she her they them人称代词的位置1)人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后. e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he 指代 Tom)2)人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。e.g. Though he didnt know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道,他已经处于危险之中了。(he 指代 Jack)人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人,也可以指
8、物。人称代词的人称,数和性由其所指代的名词决定,人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格,做宾语用宾格6. 反身代词1) 列表 I you you she hemyself yourself yourselves herself himselfwe they it oneourselves themselves itself oneself2)做宾语a. 有些动词需有反身代词absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last
9、 night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。b. 用于及物动词+宾语+ 介词take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。Please sit down. 请坐。3) 作表语; 同位语be oneself: I am not myself to
10、day. 我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意:a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错) Myself drove the car.(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。b. 但在 and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是 myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5
11、)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。7. 情态动词一、can 的用法:1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。 3. (表示允许、请求)可以 You cant take the book out of th
12、e room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? 4. (表示命令) 必须 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。 5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。 6. (表示惊讶) 究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事 ? 二、could 的用法can 的过去式;(用于虚拟语气,表示与事实相反的设想)
13、能;可以;(表示可能性)可能;(用于婉转语气)能,可以 三、may 的用法1.表示请求和允许,意思是:可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来,可以来2.表示祝愿,意思是:祝, (但愿) 。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 3.表示推测,意思是:可能(会) ,或许(会) 。 It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨,你最好带上雨伞。 四、must 的用法1.表“必须” 。 Yo
14、u must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2.在否定结构中表不许。You mustnt leave here.你不能离开这儿。3.表坚定的建议。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。4.表推测,暗含有很大的可能性,用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意: may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用 cant The baby c
15、ant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。 五、might 的用法might 表示的可能性太小,没有足够的说服力去职责别人。 can, could 之间的区别,和 may,might 之间的区别在于,虚拟句和过去时态用后者,表示的可能性比原词小,但大部分时候 2 者可以互换,不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。 六、should 的用法1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式,可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配,表示过去将来时间。2.should 作为情态动词,通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务,译作“应该” 、 “应当” ,这时它可以和
16、ought to, be supposed to 互换使用。例如:You should (= are supposed to ) complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完你们的实验。3.should 作为情态动词,可以用在条件状语从句中,表示语气较强的假设,译作“万一” 、“竟然” ,这时也可将 should 置于从句之首,即将 should 放在主语前面,而省略从属连词 if.If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go. (= Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go.)万一明天天下雨,我
17、就不去了。七、 would 的用法1.would 是 will 的过去式,Would you like? 表示请求、劝说,是很客气的说法。Would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶吗? 2.主语+would like to 表示“想要”的意思上,与want to意思一 样,但用此句型较客气。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: 主句用 would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 八. ought to 的用法ought to 是一个可以加上 to 的情态动词其意思与 should 是一样的,
18、但是 ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而 should 可以 ought to 与 should 意思接近,大多数情况下二者可以互换,但是 should 谈的是自己的主观看法,ought to 则更多反映客观情况,在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。 如: We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don
19、t think we will 8. 物主代词1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my, your 等)和名词性(mine, yours 等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 -s 属格结构,例如:Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2) 名词性
20、物主代词的句法功能a. 作主语,如:May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。b. 作宾语,如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语,如:Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d. 作主语补语,如:The life I have is you
21、rs. Its yours. Its yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。9. 条件状语从句 概念: 在复合句中,由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思,状语从句可以分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词 if 或 unless 引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。 (注意:在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,如果主句是一般将来时态,从句要用一般现在时主将从现原则 )经典语句:If it dosent rain tomorrow,we will go to the zo
22、o.If you open the door ,i will come in.条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会”, 常用 if ,in case , on condition 等词来引导连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.主句用一般将来时,if 或 unless 引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。固定搭配:unless = if.not. e.g. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you a
23、re not too tired, lets go out for a walk.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:真实条件句,如:If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种,表示与事实相反,如:If I were you, I would go with him.so/as long as 只要 由 as (so) long as, in case 引导。So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高兴,你做什么都没有关系。You m
24、ay borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧,以防下雨。10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
25、There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。Although he s wealthy,he spends_ on clothes.A. little B. few C. a little D. a few答案: A. spend 所指的是钱,不可数,只能用 little 或 a little. 本句为 although 引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用 little 表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)many a (=many)Many book
26、s were sold.Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。11. 现在完成时意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态句型: 基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句:主语+have/has+not+ 过去分词+其他一般疑问句:Have/Has+ 主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:(1)、一般
27、动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ” 。work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ” 。live-lived-lived ,(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 “y“ 变为 “i“ ,再加“ ed ” 。study-studied-studied , cry-cried-cried ,play-played-played , stay-stayed-stayed(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ” 。stop-stopped-stopped , drop-
28、dropped-dropped2 、不规则动词: AAA 型: cost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hithurt hurt hurtput put putset set setlet let letAAB 型: beat beat beatenABA 型: become became becomerun ran runcome came come特殊情况: read read readread 原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ABB 型: bring brought broughtbuy bought boughtbuild built
29、builtfind found foundhear heard heardkeep kept keptlose lost lostmake made mademeet met metsell sold soldsit sat satstand stood stoodteach taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtwin won wonABC 型: begin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokenforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozengiv
30、e gave givengrow grew grownknow knew knownshake shook shakensing sang sungswim swam swumthrow threw thrownwrite wrote written用法:(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了 .)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了 .)Michael has been i
31、ll.(含义是: 现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (含义是: 现在已在此地)(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be 动词表示)常与 for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用 .Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注(超重要):瞬间动词(buy, die, join, lose)不能直接与 for since 连用。要改变动词 come-bego out-be outfinish-be ov
32、eropen-be opendie-be deada) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词1.have 代替 buy: My brother has had(不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrow: I have kept(不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用 be 替代 become: How long has your sister been a teacher?4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold
33、: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用 wear 代替 put onb)用“be 形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried 代 marry 2、beill 代 fall (get) ill3、bedead 代 die 4、beasleep 代 fall (get) asleep5、beawake 代 wake/wake up 6、begone 代 lose,die,sell,leave7、beopen 代 open 8、be closed 代 close/shut9、bemissing(gone,lost) 代 los
34、ec)用“be副词”代终止性动词1“beon”代 start, begin2“beup”代 get up3“beback(to)”代 return to,come back to,go back to4“be here (there)”代 come(arrive,reach,get) here 或 go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等d)用“be 介词短语”代终止性动词1.“be in/at +地点”代替 go to /come to2.用 be in the army 代替 join the army3.“be in/at +地点”代替 move to常用瞬间动词变延
35、续性动词表:1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up;7. have died have been de
36、ad;8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep;10. have finished/ended/completed have been over;11. have married have been married ;12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ;13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. h
37、ave lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold;18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/t
38、he soldier注意: 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如 yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与 for, since 连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如 already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately 等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I havent seen much of him recently (lately).We have
39、 seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如 often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion 等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met th
40、at gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如 now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far 等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been to
41、o much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6.现在完成时的“完成用法“现在完成时的“完成用法“ 指的是动
42、作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时“完成用法 “的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet, before, recently 等)、频度时间状语( 如:never,ever ,once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning month year.,today 等)连用。例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已
43、找到你的钢笔了吗?7.现在完成时的“未完成用法“现在完成时的“未完成用法“ 指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿。( 动作起始于 1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。( 动作开始于 5 年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由 since 或 for 引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语
44、(如:up to now ,so far) 等。例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive ,leave ,join ,become,die 等。8.一段时间+has passed+since 从句9. 现在完成时常和短语 “up to now /till now“, “so far“ (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)Up to/till now hes read ma
45、ny story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。Ive been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别gone:去了没回been to :去过been in:呆了很久11.不能与 when 连用一般过去时和现在完成时(1)、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词” 。(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如: yesterday, last week , two y
46、ears ago ,just now ,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since , for 等表示一段时间的状语连用。试比较以下几组句子,有什么区别: A:Have you seen the film ?B:Did you see the film ?分析:你看过这部电影吗?( A )句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;( B )句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。 A:How has he done it ?B:How did he do it ?分
47、析:他是怎么做的这件事?( A )句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;( B )句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .分析:他在北京住了 8 年。 ( A )句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。 ( B )句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年,现在已经不在北京了。(2) 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。比:I have washed the c
48、ar. 我洗过了车。 (看上去很漂亮)I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。 (不需要再浇了)She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。I have written the letter but I havent posted it yet. 信我已经写好了,但还没有寄出。I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信,3 天前寄出的。3)现在完成时表
49、示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去,而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。比如:It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了 5 个小时了。It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了 5 个小时的雨。He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时,然后就回家了。I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。 (说话时还在上午)I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。 (说话时已是下午或晚上)七年级英语重点句型总结1I think意为“我认为” ,是对某人或某事的看法