1、1宾语从句讲解宾语从句（The Object Clause）学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连 接 词 、语 序 和时 态 。一 宾语从句的定义宾 语 从 句 在 复 合 句 中 起 宾 语 的 作 用 ， 可 以 作 动 词 的 宾 语 ， 也 可 以 做 介 词 的 宾 语 作 动 词 的 宾 语 : I heard that he would come here later on. 主 语 谓 语 动 词 一 个 句 子 作 宾 语作 介 词 的 宾 语 : He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 主 语 谓 语 动 词 代
2、 词 作 动 词 的 宾 语 介 词 一 个 句 子 作 介 词 的 宾 语在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。二 宾语从句中引导词（连 接 词 ） 的用法在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。 连词： He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他 告 诉 我 他 明 年 上 大 学 . I dont know if there will be a bus
3、any more. 我 不 知 道 是 否 还 会 有 公 交 车 . Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没 有 人 知 道 他 是 否 会 通 过 考 试 .当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用 that 引导，that 无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。that 引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合 that 可以省略）可跟 that 从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, wish, hope, imagine,
4、wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, expect, order, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, request, require,等。The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注：宾 语 从 句 的 否 定 转 移当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I dont think it i
5、s right for him to treat you like that.主 句 的 谓 语 动 词 是 think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect ,guess 等 ,并 且 主 句 的 主语 是 第 一 人 称 而 且 为 一 般 现 在 时 ,从 句 的 否 定 词 一 般 要 转 移 到 主 句 上 来 ,其 反 义 疑 问 句 一 般 与 宾 语从 句 一 致 . I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我 认 为 那 个 人 不 是 Jim 所 杀 的 ,是 不 是 ? I
6、expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?如 果 宾 语 从 句 中 有 某 个 含 有 否 定 意 义 的 形 容 词 或 副 词 (不 包 含 带 有 否 定 前 缀 的 词 ， 如 ：unhappy， unfair， dislike 等 ),其 反 义 疑 问 句 要 用 肯 定 形 式 . We find that he never listens to the teacher carefu
7、lly, does he? 我 们 发 现 他 从 不 仔 细 听 老 师 讲 课 ， 是 不 是 ？当 主 句 的 主 语 是 第 二 、 三 人 称 时 ， 其 反 义 疑 问 句 一 般 与 主 句 保 持 一 致 。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are
8、 coming so soon, does she?在以下情况中 that 不能省略21、当句中的动词后接多于两个由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可省，但后面的 that 不可省。I believe（ that） you have done your best and that things will get better 2、当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat
9、 and his black silk cap. 3、当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省。I cant tell him that his mother died. 4、 当 it 作 形 式 宾 语 时 例 句 ： She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him许多带复合宾语的句子，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用 it 作形式宾语。5、 当 宾 语 从 句 前 置 时 That our team will win， I believe6、 当 that 作 learn,suggest,expl
10、ain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等 动 词 的 宾语 时 ; 2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。Whether 与 If 使用区分 由 whether,if 引导的宾语从句当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives
11、 here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用 whether，不能用 if：在具有选择意义，又有 or 或 or not 时，尤其是直接与 or not 连用时，往往用 whether（ifor not 也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whe
12、ther or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用 whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。在不定式前用 whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。whether 置于句首时，不能换用 if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant
13、 say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用 whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。若用 if 会引起歧义时，则用 whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我只能用 if 不能用 whether 引导的宾语从句1、 if 引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”The students will go on a picni
14、c if it is sunny. 2、 if 引导否定概念的宾语从句时He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday. 3、 引导状语从句 even if（即使）和 as if（好象）时He talks as if he has known all about it. 33）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际
15、上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。连 接 代 词 一 般 指 疑 问 ,但 what, whatever 除 了 指 疑 问 外 ,也 可 以 指 陈 述 .Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你 知 道 是 谁 赢 得 了 红 色 警 报 的 游 戏 么 ？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.这 本 书 会 告 诉 你 最 好 的 执 行 总 裁 该 了 解 什 么
16、 .Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你 决 定 好 是 买 诺 基 亚 还 是 摩 托 罗 拉 的 电 话 了 吗 ?连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他 没 有 告 诉 我 什 么 时 候 我 们 能 再 见 面 . Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你 能 告 诉 我 怎 么 用
17、 这 个 新 的 操 作 盘 吗 ? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没 有 人 知 道 这 些 的 新 的 零 件 能 在 哪 里 买 到 .练 习 题(1) I dont know _or not.A. whether he is at home B. if he is at homeC. that he is at home D. whether is he at home(2) This depends on _ the weather is fine.A. which B. whether C. if D.
18、that(3) The teacher asked the new student _ class he was in.A. which B. where C. if D. that(4) I dont know _ Mr. Green will come to see us. Hell help us with our English.A. why B. when C. how D. where(5) - Be careful! Dont break the bottles. Do you hear _ I said? David?- Yes, MumA. what B. that C. w
19、hy D. if(6) - Do you know _ Mr Blacks address is?- He may live at NO.18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. Im not sure of _.A. where, which B. where, what C. what, which D. what, where(7) There is not much difference between the two. I really dont know _.A. what should I choose B. which I should chooseC. w
20、hich should I choose D. what I should choose三.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I dont know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? 无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which 等。如：Could yo
21、u tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The small children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东4西？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much 等。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people ther
22、e were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语
23、。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how 等。如：Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。练 习 题(1) Did you find out _? A. she was looking for whose child B. whose child was she looking forC. whose child she is looking for D. whose child she was lo
24、oking for(2) Are you interested in _?A. how did he do it B. he did it how C. how he did it D. he how did it(3) I dont know _. Can you tell me?A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two playersC. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are(4) - What did the scientist say?- H
25、e said he wondered if _ into space by spaceship one day.A. he had to fly B. he could fly C. can he fly D. could he fly(5) Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me _?A. Where the bank nearest B. where is the nearest bankC. where the nearest bank is D. the nearest bank is where（6）She asked Tom _ with his car
26、?A. what the matter was B. what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what is the matter四.宾语从句的时态时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从
27、句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。练 习 题(1) Its 7:30. I cant believe
28、you_ cooking dinner yet, Sally.A. havent started B. didnt C. dont start D. hadnt started(2) The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 _ Christmas Day.5A. is B. was C. has been D. will be (3) The teacher said that the earth _round the sun.A. goes B. go C. went D. will go(4) We d like to tell you
29、 that you _the exam.A. have passed B. had passed C. pass D. will pass (5) “Could you tell me_?” “Yes. They _ to the library.”A. where are the twins, have been B. where were the twins, have beenC. where the twins are, have gone D, where the twins were, have gone (6) Our father said that he _ a new co
30、mputer next week.A. will buy B. have bought C. would buy D. buys (7) I hear that he _ to Beijing yesterday.A. goes B. will go C. went D. have gone注意：运 用 虚 拟 语 气 的 情 况 在表示 建议 suggest 、advise、propose; 要求 demand 、desire、request； 决 定 decide; 命 令 order、 command、 require; 坚 决 主 张 insist; 等 动 词 后 跟 宾 语 从 句
31、 ， 用 （ should） +v （ 虚 拟 语 气 ） Eg： I suggested that you（ should） study hard He ordered that we should go out at once 虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。虚拟语气的用法： 1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。如： May you be happy. 祝你幸福。 May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩得痛快。 May the friendship between
32、 us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！ You go out！ 你出去！ 2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中：动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。如：I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。 He insisted that all of us should be there on t
33、ime by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，“should“ 可以省略。如：The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。 3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中：在句型 “I
34、t is important (necessary, strange, natural) that “ 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形，如：Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中：虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句
35、和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。 A与现在事实相反的： If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式 if I (he,she) were. I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。 6B与过去事实相反的： If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。 If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我
36、就买了它。 If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If she knew English,she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。 If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。明白了虚拟语气的用法就会明白什么时候需要用虚拟语气了，在表示说话
37、人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，或表示的含义不是客观存在的事实时需要用虚拟语气。简化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是 hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise 等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided th
38、at we would help him. We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是 know， learn， remember， forget， tell 等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是 tell， ask， show， teach 等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构
39、。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是 order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其
40、他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing 形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如： Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Li
41、u Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词 seem 后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. They found the box very heavy.
