1、英国文学史与选读 BY Markxzhangqq:1783604899,学习目的：通过作品找意境，通过中、西文学对比，让英国文学课升华至中西文化课，让同学们成为自己的主人。Form the habit of thinking and take a critical attitude to whatever you meet.,Structure Early and Medieval English Literature Renaissance English Literature The English Literature of The 17th Century The English li
2、terature of The Enlightenment Age The Age of Romanticism The Victorian Age The 20th-Century British poetry,Early and Medieval English Literature,5 Century-1485,“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society. “Medieval period” is a quite special period in English history. In C
3、hinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age”. The Angle-Saxons: English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement Anglo-Saxon Language (old English) BeowulfThe Norman: Feudalism, landlord & peasant began with the Norman, language greatly changed and enriched. Adventures of King Arthur and his Knight
4、s of the Round Table,Beowulf is considered as a national epic of the English people.,The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark story which used alliteration, metaphors and understatements.,The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with al
5、l the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself.He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able
6、 to boast about all his achievements.,Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry, writer, also the outstanding English poet before William Shakespeare. Chaucer made a crucial contribution to English literature in writing in English at a time when much court poetry was still composed in Anglo-
7、Norman or Latin. Although he spent one of two brief periods of disfavor, Chaucer lived the whole of his life close the centers of English power.,The Canterbury tales,The Canterbury Tales is one of the landmarks of English literature, perhaps the greatest work produced in Middle English and certainly
8、 among the most ambitious. It is one of the few works of the English Middle Ages that has had a continuous history of publication. It was the last of Geoffrey Chaucers works, written after Troilus and Creseyde during the final years of Chaucers life. However, Chaucer only completed twenty-four tales
9、, not even completing one tale for each pilgrim.,Renaissance English Literature(15C-17C),The Renaissance sprang first in Italy in the 14 century and gradually spread all over Europe.Two feature are striking of this movement.The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. While people
10、learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.,Another feature is the keen interest
11、 in the activities of humanity. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thinkers, artists and poets arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an old guise,though,to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement, a feeling in sharp contra
12、st with theology. Hence arose the thought of Humanism. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.,In simple terms, the Renaissance in England was caused by the spread of Renaissance learning and ideology from Italy. The Renaissance embraced not only literature, but also art and architecture. In li
13、terary terms, the study of the classical poets led not only to their translation into English but the adaptation of their verse forms and systems of poetical metre, as well as the embracing of their themes and genres.,Renaissance English Literature,人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放、现世幸福，并积极推进学术，传
14、播科学知识和国家统一等新思想，对封建制度、宗教禁欲主义和上层僧侣的腐败虚伪则进行了无情的嘲讽与抨击。,在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世纪间较中世纪比较先进的思想。一般来说今天历史学家将这段时间里文化和社会上的变化称为文艺复兴，而将教育上的变化运动称为人文主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮。资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。,The Art of Renaissance,Last Supper,最后的晚餐 （意大利） 达 芬奇画 1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利
15、亚格拉契修道院藏,辩论圣体圣事,拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的画家之一，代表了文艺复兴时期艺术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的最高峰。,杜利圣家族,米开朗基罗博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多才多艺的博学的艺术大师。他集雕刻家、画家、建筑家、诗人于一身,剧院上演莎翁戏剧,The Renaissance Period,Historical background: (1) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) and Tudor dynasty which was established by Henry VII in 1485. (2) R
16、eformation: Protestantism became the official national religion.,(3) The Enclosure movement: compelled peasants to become the hired laborers for the merchants. (4) Flourishing in the Elizabethan Age: The commercial expansion and the rise of bourgeoisie. (5) The war with Spain: in 1588, the Spanish A
17、rmada was defeated. England had sovereignty over the seas.,Thomas More (1478-1535)Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)William Shakespeare（1564-1616）Ben Johnon (1572-1637),文艺复兴时期文学代表人物,Thomas More(1478-1535),He was born in a middle-class family. his father was a prominent lawyer, and l
18、ater a judge. A scholar by nature ,he became a lawyer. Quite early he was elected to Parliament and he acted as the spokesman of London merchants who were on e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.,Thomas Mores Utopia is one of the most influential books in the Western philosophical and lite
19、rary tradition and one of the supreme achievements of Renaissance humanism.More humanism. More coined the word utopia (from the Greek: no place), and his complexly ironic account of an imaginary communist society not only has given rise to the genre of utopian fiction but has been an inspiration to
20、generations of political reformers.,Thomas Mores Utopia,Utopia is Mores masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor. The name “Utopia“ comes from two Greek words meaning “no place“. The whole work is divided into two books. Book I of “Utopia“ is a picture of
21、 contemporary social conditions of England. The author severely criticizes English society and exposes social evils. Bookoffers us a good picture of an ideal society called Utopia in some unknown ocean. In this society property is held in common and there is no poverty.,Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599),S
22、penser is often referred to as “the poets poet“.Spensers fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece: (The Faerie Queene). In 1579, he wrote (The Shepherds Calendar ) a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.,Writing Features of “The Faerie Queene”,a. The
23、long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very musical.b. Spenser invented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called “Spenserian Stanza“ since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter for
24、m, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.,William Shakespeare,Any discussion of Shakespeares life is bound to be loaded with superlatives. In the course of a quarter century, Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are
25、 among the worlds finest written works; taken collectively, they establish Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age.,莎士比亚故居,William Shakespeare,英国著名戏剧家和诗人。出生于沃里克郡.斯特拉
26、特福镇的一个富裕市民家庭，曾在当地文法学校学习。13岁时家道中落辍学经商，约1586年前往伦敦。先在剧院门前为贵族顾客看马，后逐渐成为剧院的杂役、演员、剧作家和股东。1597年在家乡购置了房产，一生的最后几年在家乡度过。,莎士比亚故居,Achievements of Shakespeare,莎士比亚是16世纪后半叶到17世纪初英国最著名的作家（本琼斯称他为“时代的灵魂”），也是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。他共写有37部戏剧，154首14行诗，两首长诗和其他诗歌。长诗维纳斯与阿多尼斯（15921593）和鲁克丽丝受辱记（15931594）均取材于罗马诗人维奥维德吉尔的著作，主题是描写
27、爱情不可抗拒以及谴责违背“荣誉”观念的兽行。14行诗（15921598）多采用连续性的组诗形式，主题是歌颂友谊和爱情。其主要成就是戏剧，按时代、思想和艺术风格的发展，可分为早、中、晚3个时期。,Shakespeare早期（15901600年）,这时期的伊丽莎白中央主权尚属巩固，王室跟工商业者及新贵族的暂时联盟尚在发展，1588年打败西班牙“无敌舰队”后国势大振。这使作者对生活充满乐观主义情绪，相信人文主义思想可以实现。这时期所写的历史剧和喜剧都表现出明朗、乐观的风格。历史剧如理查三世（1592）、亨利三世（1599）等，谴责封建暴君，歌颂开明君主，表现了人文主义的反封建暴政和封建割据的开明政治
28、理想。喜剧如仲夏夜之梦（1596），第十二夜（1600）、皆大欢喜（16O0）等，描写温柔美丽、坚毅勇敢的妇女，冲破重重封建阻拦，终于获得爱情胜利，表现了人文主义的歌颂自由爱情和反封建禁欲束缚的社会人生主张。就连这时期写成的悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶（1595）也同样具有不少明朗乐观的因素。,Shakespeare 中期（16011607年）,这时英国农村的“圈地运动”正在加速进行，王权和资产阶级及新贵族的暂时联盟正在瓦解，社会矛盾深化重结，政治经济形势日益恶化，詹姆士一世继位后的挥霍无度和倒行逆施，更使人民痛苦加剧，反抗迭起。在这种情况下，莎士比亚深感人文主义理想与现实的矛盾越来越加剧，创作风格也从
29、明快乐观变为阴郁悲愤，其所写的悲剧也不是重在歌颂人文主义理想，而是重在揭露批判社会的种种罪恶和黑暗。代表作哈姆雷特（16O1）展现了一场进步势力与专治黑暗势力寡不敌众的惊心动魄斗争。奥赛罗（1604）描写了一幕冲破封建束缚又陷入资本主义利己主义阴谋的青年男女的感人爱情悲剧。李尔王（1606）描写刚愎自用的封建君王在真诚和伪善的事实教育下变为一个现实而具同情心的“人”的过程。麦克白（1606）则揭露权势野心对人的毁灭性腐蚀毒害作用。这时期所写的喜剧终成眷属、一报还一报等也同样具有悲剧色彩。,Shakespeare 晚期（16081612年）,这时詹姆士一世王朝更加腐败，社会矛盾更加尖锐。莎士比亚
30、深感人文主义理想的破灭，乃退居故乡写浪漫主义传奇剧。其创作风格也随之表现为浪漫空幻。辛白林（1609）和冬天的故事（1610）写失散后的团聚或遭诬陷后的昭雪、和解。暴风雨（1611）写米兰公爵用魔法把谋权篡位的弟弟安东尼奥等所乘的船摄到荒岛，并宽恕了他，其弟也交还了王位。一场类似哈姆雷特的政治风暴，在宽恕感化中变得风平浪静。 马克思称莎士比亚为“人类最伟大的天才之一”。恩格斯盛赞其作品的现实主义精神与情节的生动性、丰富性。莎氏的作品几乎被翻译成世界各种文字。1919年后被介绍到中国，现已有中文的莎士比亚全集。,1.A masterhand for every form of drama.2.S
31、killed in many poetic forms, esp. sonnet 3.A great master of English language4.The summit of the English Renaissance,Contributions,The merchant of VeniceAs You Like ITwelfth NightMidsummer Nights Dream,Comedy,一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”,Romeo and Juliet,HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth,Tragedy,The Sonnets A Lo
32、vers Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy by W.S.,Poetry,莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家Saxo Grammaticus写的丹麦史，后法、英两国剧作家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的哈姆莱特系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的厄哈姆莱特（Ur Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度与艺术魅力。,哈姆莱特,Hamlet is without question the mo
33、st famous play in the English language. Probably written in 1601 or 1602, the tragedy is a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development; the playwright achieved artistic maturity in this work through his brilliant depiction of the heros struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the ne
34、ed to avenge his fathers murder.,The Tragedy of Hamlet,Prince of Denmark,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep; No more; an
35、d by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
36、 Must give us pause: theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns,To Be Or Not To BeHamlet,That patient meri
37、t of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscoverd country from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear thos
38、e ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.,十四
39、行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。 莎士比亚的十四行诗早在1960年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。 第一组（1126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，生儿育女; 第二组（127152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤女郎”（dark lady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰的情欲；,第三组（153154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab, cdcd, efef, gg。A basic form of po
40、etry consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab,cdcd, efef, gg).,Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of the heave
41、n shines And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or natures changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst; Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal lines to t
42、ime thou growst: So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,Sonnet 18,Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of mod
43、ern science Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his province” and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning.,Francis Bacon,Of StudiesOf beautyOf friendship Of envy,Essays,Of Study (excerpt)Studies serve for delight, for ornament,
44、and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marsha
45、lling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are
46、like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without th
47、em, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read
48、only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.,荀子劝学,君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远。顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆 马者，非利足也，而致千
49、里。假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。,The English Literature of The 17th Century,The Metaphysical poets About the beginning of the 17th century there appeared in England a school of poets called “Metaphysicals”. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized,generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne was the founder of the school.,
