1、英国文学史及选读第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthurs story4. Ballad（名词解释，歌谣，民谣）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer:
2、 founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释,英雄偶句诗)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas MoreUtopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse （名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Fae
3、rie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的 sonnet 也很重要，最重要属 sonnet18。 （其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别
4、是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse 写成的，故事情节来自 Old Testament，另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。16. John BunyanThe Pilgrims Progress17. Founder of the Metaphysical schoolJohn Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images.18. Enlighte
5、nment（名词解释）19. Neoclassicism（名词解释）20. Richard Steele“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。22. Steels and Addisons styles and their contributions23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “T
6、he Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations24. Jonathan Swift: “Gullivers Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是 Gulliver 游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方） “A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th cent
7、ury English literature.26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是 Robinson Crusoe 比较重要，剧情要清楚， Robinson Crusoe 的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意 Defoe 的 style 和 feature，另外 Defoe是 forerunner of English realistic novel。27. Samuel Richardson“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harl
8、owe”, “Sir Charles Grandison”28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外 Fielding 也被称为 father of the English novel.29. Laurence Sterne“Tristram Shandy”项狄传30. Richard Sheridan“The School for Scandal”31. Oliver Goldsmith“The Traveller”(poem), “The
9、 Deserted Village” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy), “The Citizen of the World” (collection of essays)32. Sentimentalism（名词解释）33. Thomas Gray“Elegy Written in a Country Churchya
10、rd”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首” ）(a representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets 墓园派诗人)* Graveyard School / Poets”: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from e
11、legiac pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Grays “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. The writing of graveyard poems spread from England to Continental literature in the second part of the century and also influenced some Americ
12、an poets.34. In the latter half of the 18th century, Pre-Romanticism; representative: William Blake and Robert Burns.35. Thomas Percy“Reliques of Ancient English poetry”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。36. William Blake 比较重要，需要对主要作品有所了解，特别是 Songs of Innocence 和 Songs of Experience, 这两本集子
13、的 contrast 一定要注意，另外 Blake 的写作特点也要注意，比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等。37. Robert Burns 伟大的苏格兰民族诗人, A Red Red Rose, Scots Wha Hae, Auld Lang Syne 等名诗，写作特点: Scottish dialect; a poet of peasant and Scottish people; plain language; influence from Scottish folk songs and ballads; musical quality of his poems.Exercise On
14、eI. Select from the 4 choices the one that best answers the questions or completes the statements.1. Beowulf is a national epic of _.a. Germany b. England c. Scandinavia d. France2. Beowulf fought against all of the following figures except _.a. Green knight b. Fire dragon c. Grendel d. Grendels mot
15、her3. Beowulf is characterized by one of the following striking features _.a. use of simile b. alliteration c. satire d. irony4. Beowulf was written down in the _.a. 8th century b. 9th century c. 10th century d. 11th century5. Sir Gawain and Green knight was created by _.a. Chaucer b. Langland c. Be
16、de d. None of the above6. Piers the Plowman is similar to the work in form written by _.a. Chaucer b. Shakespeare c. Marlory d. Bunyan7. Besides the Ballads, one of the following works remained a form of popular literature in the medieval England _.a. Troilus and Criseyde b. Piers the Plowman c. Sir
17、 Gawain and Green Knight d. Le Morte D Arthur8. The pilgrims went to Canterbury in order to _.a. visit the city b. worship Thomas a Becket c. do business d. worship Jesus Christ9. According to the original plan, Chaucer expected to finish _.a. 120 stories b. 100 stories c. 140 stories d. 130 stories
18、10. The one who proposed the story telling in the Canterbury Tales is _.a. the poet b. the knight c. the boss d. the monk11. Chaucer is called the founder of English realism because he describes the classes of English feudal society except _.a. businessman and teachers b. nobles and yeoman c. plowma
19、n and royal members d. kings and serfs12. One of the following events played a greater part in Chaucers writing _.a. his marriage with a girl of the noble family b. his visit to Italy c. his duty as controller of customs d. his participation in the Hundred Years War13. The language used by Chaucer i
20、s called _.a. old English b. middle English c. modern English d. contemporary English14. Robin Hood is similar to King Arthur in that _.a. both of them are Welsh men b. both of them are legendary figures c. both of them are historical figures d. both of them are half historical and half legendary15.
21、 The success of the Canterbury Tales lies in the use of the following except _.a. use of couplet b. portrayal of characters c. use of alliteration d. construction of plot16. Chaucers contribution to English literature lies in the fact that he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France and that he _.a
22、. made London dialect foundation of modern English b. wrote the first English blank versec. wrote the English sonnet d. made London dialect foundation of medieval English17. Test of courage, faith, and loyalty is the theme of a _.a. romance b. play c. novel d. ballad18. Le Morte d Arthur describes t
23、he war, the tournament, illicit love and the quest for _.a. Christ b. the Sangreal c. Bible d. King ArthurII. Fill in the blanksAfter he went blind, Milton wrote and finished his three great works:epic masterpieces _and _and one biblical tragedy _. The old English can be divided into two groups: the
24、 _poetry and the _poetry.3. _is regarded as the “Father of English Song”, the first known religious poet of England.4. _the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.5. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d Arthur concerning with _legend.6. Critics tend to divide Chau
25、cers literary into three periods: the _ period, the _period and the _period.7. The Canterbury Tales contains the _and 24 tales, two of which left unfinished.8. Chaucer employed the _couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales9. When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the
26、first to be buried in _.10. Shakespeares plays have been traditionally divided into four categories according to dramatic type: histories, _, tragedies and _-_.11. Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “the poets” _because of his considerable influence on later poets.12. Edmund Spensers best known
27、poem The Shepherds Calendar consists of 12_poems or eclogues, one for each month of the year.13. _is considered the first English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright before Shakespeare.14. Shakespeares 154 sonnets fall into two series: one series are addressed to W.H, a young man
28、, and the other addressed to _.15. A Shakespearean sonnet is composed of three four-line quatrains and a concluding two-line _.III. Match the writers with their works.1. Shakespeare a. Paradise Lost2. Chaucer b. Piers the Plowman3. Malory c. Alchemist4. Langland d. The Taming of the Shrew5. Marlowe
29、e. Dr. Faustus6. Jonson f. Le Morte d Arthur7. Sidney g. The Pilgrims Progress8. Spenser h. The Canterbury Tales9. Bunyan i. The Faerie Queene10. Milton j. Astrophel and StellaVI. Terms.1. Humanism 2. Metaphysical Poets 3. Cavalier Poets 4. Romance 5. University Wits V. Literary exercise:Passage 1To
30、 die, to sleepNo more and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, tis a consummationDevotedly to be wished. To die, to sleepTo sleep-perchance to dream: ay theres the rub,For in that sleep of death what dream may come?When we have shuffled off thi
31、s mortal coil,Must give us a pause. Theres the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumelyThe pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns, The patient merit of th unworth
32、y takesQUESTION:1. These lines are taken from a famous play named_.2. The author of the play is_.3. In the play these lines are uttered by _.4. About the utterance what does the speech show?Passage 2Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake th
33、e darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession
34、of that fair thou owst; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade When in eternal lines to time thou growst. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to theeQuestions:1. This is one of Shakespeares best known_.a. sonnets b, ballads c, songs2. It runs
35、 in iambic pentameter rhymed in_.3. The fourteen lines include three stanzas according to their content with the last two lines as _which complete the sense of the whole poem.a. prelude b. couplet c. epigraphPassage 3Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
36、digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some boos also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and t
37、he meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a famous essay written by_.2. What is the title of this passage?3. Whats the theme of the article?Passage 4The youngster was in clothed in scarlet red,In scarlet fin
38、e and gay;And he did frisk it over the plain,And chanted a roundelay.As Robin Hood next morning stood,Amongst the leaves so gay;There did he espy the same young man,Come drooping along the way.The scarlet he wore the day before,It was clean cast away;And at every step he fetched a sigh,Alack and wel
39、l-a-day!”Questions:1. The above stanzas are taken from _.2. The youngster referred in the poem is _.3. This poem is typical a poem of _.VI. Answer the questions briefly.1. How does Chaucer connect his tales together in the Canterbury Tales?2. What are the similarities between Milton and Samson?3. Wh
40、at is the theme of each of the four great tragedies of Shakespeare?4. What are the features of Shakespeares great comedies?5. What are the main characteristics of Shakespeares four dramatic periods?. Analyze the characters.1. Hamlet2. Falstaff答案I. 1.b 2.a 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.d 7c 8.b 9.a 10.c 11.d 12.b 13
41、.b 14.d 15.c 16.a 17.a 18.bII. 1. Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes 2. secular/ pagan, religious/Christian 3. Caedmon 4. Romance 5. Arthurian 6. French; Italian English 7. General Prologue 8. heroic 9. Westminister Abbey 10. comedies, romances 11. poet 12. pastoral 13. Christopher M
42、arlowe 14. dark lady 15. coupletIII. 1.d 2.h 3.f 4.b 5.e 6. c 7.j 8.i 9.g 10.a VI.1. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man di
43、d not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason. They also expressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination.2. The
44、 Metaphysical Poets appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century. They sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new world and new poetry. With a rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a single-minded working of one
45、 theme. Besides, they tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional devices. The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism in con
46、tent and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical School. 3. Cavalier Poets prevailed in the 17th century. Most of these poets were courtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution. The representatives of this school are Sir John Suckling,
47、 Richard Lovelace and so on.4. The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually the knight, and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures; it makes liberal use of the improbable, often supernatural and includes romantic love. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” is an example of a medieval romance.5. University Wits: After 1588, the flourishin
