1、论证方法,Without challenge there is no development, no freedom. Michelanglo did not learn to paint by spending his time doodling. Mozart was not an accomplished pianist at the age of eight as a result of spending his days in formt of a television set. Like Eve Curie, like Helen Keller, they responded to
2、 the challenge of their lives by a disciplined trainig and they gained a new freedom.,运用实例Others couldnt stand the pressure and the competition. A 35-old woman, who had a high position in her company, decided to leave when she found herself suffering from allergies that made her life miserable. She
3、had two children and no savings; but even her anxiety about the future couldnt spoil her feeling of relief and her new peace of mind.,Alex, now a first-year student in natural sciences at Cambridge, played football for his school in Manchester and directed the school production of a play-but he left
4、 school with five As. Amanda, studying English at Bristol University, acted in plays at her school and played tennis regularly. Yet she managed to get four As.,引经据典,Jesus warned us about the folly of putting a patch of new material upon an old garment, or of putting new wine into old bottle. “Positi
5、ve thinking “ can not be used effectively as a patch or a crunch to the same old self-image.,引用权威,What causes such fads to come and go? And why do many people follow them? .According to Jack Santino, an expert in popular culture, people who follow fads are not irrational; they simply want to be part
6、 of something new and creative, and they feel good when they are part of an in group.,引用数据,Dr. Johnson OConnor of the Human Engineering laboratory of Boston and of the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, gave a vocabulary test to 100 young men who were studying to be industrial e
7、xecutives. Five years later those who had passed in the upper 10 percent all, without exception, had executive positions, while not a single young man of the lower 25 percent had become an executive.,Positive and negative aspects of sports,Taking part in sports can also help improve study efficiency
8、. It can give you a rest after a days hard work. It can make you relax when you feel tired and broken-down. It can make you concentrate on your study and work more. So if you take part in sports regularly, your study efficiency will surely improve.,Taking part in sports can also improve study effici
9、ency. For example, whenever I feel a little tired from studies, I will have a minute walk on campus. After a brief walk I always feel entirely refreshed and relaxed. I can continue to study and memorize things better. My personal experience shows that half an hour exercise after a supper will help m
10、e maintain concentration for a whole night.,Taking part in sports can also improve study efficiency. One study shows that people who take regular exercise suffer less from anxiety and are able to work harder. According to a medical report, 83 percent of the freshmen who had trouble with studies were
11、 in bad physical shape. And when they were put into a physical fitness program, their grade picked up more or less.,举例法,In fact, success in one area often precluded success in another. A famous politician told me that his career had practically destroyed his marriage. “ I have no time for my family,
12、” he explained. “ I travel a lot. And even when I am home, I hardly see my wife and kids. Ive got power, money, prestigebut as a husband and a father, I am a flop.”,数据法,English becomes the most taught language in the world. Two hundred and fifty million Chinesemore than the entire population of the
13、United Statesstudy English. In eighty-nine countries, English is either a common second language or widely studied. In France, state-run secondary school requires students to study four years of English or German, mostat least 85 percentchoose English. In Japan, secondary students are required to ta
14、ke six years of English before graduation.,事实法,Lack of physical fitness is often associated with decreased performance at work or in school. An experiment with college students showed many freshmen who flunked out of college were in bad physical shape. Conversely, students who were failing were put
15、into a physical fitness program, and their grade picked up.,Today, researchers have evidence that an intrinsic passion for ones work is a key to rising above. In a 1985 study at Braneis University, a group of professional writernone of famouswere asked to write a short poem. Each writer was then ran
16、domly placed in one of three groups: one group was asked to keep in mind the idea of writing for money; another for pleasure; and a third group was given no instruction at all. The poems then were submitted anonymously to a panel of professional writers for evaluation. The poetry written for money r
17、anked lowest. Those who thought about writing for pleasure did the best.,权威法,Why would a mental vision of success help produce real success? Dr. Maxwell Maltz, a surgeon and author, says this: “Your nervous system cannot tell the difference between an imagined experience and a real experience. In ei
18、ther case it reacts automatically to information that you give itIt reacts appropriately to what you think or imagine to be true.,对比分析Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for somebody else. Today only
19、 one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And where fifty years ago, “being employed” means working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiri
20、ng intellectual and technical skills.,类比法,A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversation ball, I expect you to hit back. If you agree with me, I do not expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add somethinga rea
21、son for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I do not expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to me.,分析法,Children are entitle
22、d to special consideration for two reasons: helplessness and innocence. They have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of experience. Consequently, they are defenseless and blameless. That is why we grant them special protection. In an emergency, it is our duty to save them fi
23、rst because they, helpless, have put their lives in our hands. And in wartime, they are supposed to be protected because they can have threatened or offended no one.,July passed in a daze of hourly drudgery and toil. I worked overtime every day in the restaurant, fried my quota of 500 eggs, and retu
24、rned home after twelve hours in the kitchen splattered with grease and grime, looking as scruffy and wilted as a basted rasher of bacon. The first two weeks I spent a lot of time with Henry, but then he left and I sank to my chin in the hole of boredom. I tried to read, but couldnt stand the tedious
25、 details of a Henry James novel. I rented videos and fell asleep because they were so insipid. I went for a lonely walk and got drenched in the rain. Oh, how I longed to get back to school soon.,To build a wood fire that requires minimum tending, you need paper, cardboard, kindling, a few small logs
26、, and two or three large logs. First, you should wrap up the paper into a tight ball and roll it into a cylinder and tie it into a loose knot. Next, fold some of the cardboard over the paper. Then lay the kindling over it, forming a pyramid. Use three or four of the small logs around the bottom edge
27、 to hold the cardboard in place. Then pile the remaining small logs and all the large ones onto the pyramid. Finally, light the paper. Once the fire is started, it will need only the occasional addition of another log to keep burning for hours.,We enjoyed our visit to Dr. Bakers house, perched high
28、up on a hill. Walking up the long driveway, we approached the huge bronze door. A butler was standing in the open doorway, ushering guests into the house. Going in, we passed the oak-paneled library and the formal dining room before we arrived at the ballroom, where the reception was being held. Und
29、er three sparking chandeliers, more than a hundred people were enjoying champagne, delicious food ,and good conversation.,My bedroom is very cozy. It is a small room with thick carpeting and light blue walls. Below the north windows is my double bed covered with an imitation leopard skin bedspread.
30、To the left of the bed against the all is a walnut night-stand with a reading lamp, a clock and a radio. At the foot of the bed is a wooden stand holding my portable black-and-white TV and stereo. In all four corners of the room my speakers are mounted just below the ceiling. Behind the wooden stand
31、 and in front of the closet are three red bean chairs that are sagging from years of use. On the east and west walls are posters of rock groups, and a family of stuffed monkeys sits on the north and south window ledges. My room is small and cluttered and has that “lived-in” feeling I like.,Knowledge
32、 often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints
33、, and stray strands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreadful dise
34、ase only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find , retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge.,The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of
35、 service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests wh
36、o expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stay
37、s reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.,There is an essential difference between a news story, as understood by a newspaperman or a wire-service writer, and the newsmagazine story. The chief purpose of the conventional news story is to tell what happened. It starts with the mos
38、t important information and continues into increasingly inconsequential details, not only because the reader may not read beyond the first paragraph but because an editor working on galley proofs a few minutes before press time likes to be able to cut freely from the end of the story. A news magazin
39、e is very different. It is written to be read consecutively from the beginning to end, and each of its stories is designed, following the critical theories of Edgar Allen Poe, to create one emotional effect. The news, what happened the week, may be told in the beginning, the middle, or the end; for
40、the purpose is not to throw information at the reader but to seduce him into reading the whole story, and into accepting the dramatic ( and often political) point being made.,One might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language, replacing English entirely. The
41、 reason is that the Conquest was not a national migration, as the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasion had been. Great numbers of Normans came to England, but they came as rulers and landlords. French became the language of the court, the language of the nobility, the language of polite society, the languag
42、e of literature. But it did not replace English as the language of the people. There must always have been hundreds of towns and villages in which French was never heard except when visitors of high station passed through.,There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and
43、 best-sellersunread, untouched. (This deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many booksfew of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or manyevery one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. ( This man owns books. ),
