1、英语语法,English Grammar,第四章动词和动词词组,情态助动词虚拟语气,动词词组,动词词组是以主动词（又叫实义动词）为中心词的词组， 它可以仅由一个主动词构成，这叫做简单动词词组。即：主动词。例如： He buys eggs every time he goes shopping. （一般现在时） The workers received a raise last year. （一般过去时）动词词组也可由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成， 这叫做复杂动词词组。即：助动词+主动词。例如： She is visiting us. They have been taking music
2、 lessons. You should have read the book. He neednt have been waiting in the rain.,助动词,助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义。（以主动词write为例）1，体现“体”，比如表示某一动作正在进行(be writing) 或已经完成(have written)，完成进行体(have been writing)2，“时”与“体”结合，如现在正在进行(am/is/are writing)。过去正在进行（was/were writing）等。3，“情态”与“体”结合，如应该在做某事(should be
3、 writing)，应该做了某事（should have written）。英语的助动词分为三类：基本助动词，情态助动词，和半助动词。,基本助动词,基本助动词只有三个：be，do，have。它们起着语法作用 或者说表示语法意义。比如助动词be通常用来协助主动词 构成进行体或被动态： I am listening to music. The students were praised by the principal（校长）.助动词do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句： My wife doesnt know Russian. What did she give to Halleck
4、for his birthday?助动词do还可以用来加重语气： You do look well. He did annoy everyone that evening.助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进行体： Joan has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20 years. 提示：如果有多个助动词，第一个助动词体现“时”。,半助动词,半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to，seem to之类。 I have to buy a new car. He seems to be disap
5、pointed. I dont have to buy a new car. You will have to sell your house.,情态助动词,情态助动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式，它们是can/could，may/might，will/would ，shall/should，must，dare，need， ought to， used to。 情态助动词表示情态意义，其过去时形式并不一 定就表示过去时间。情态助动词不能重叠使用； 随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to 的不定式即动 词原形。例如：It may snow before nightfall.She must kn
6、ow how to speak Italian.Would you let me use your pen a minute?When I lived at Del Mar, I used to take a long walk along the footpath under the pine trees.,情态助动词,情态助动词总的来说表达以下意义“可能性”，“频度（will, would, used to）”“倾向”，“职责”。例如：What he said may be true.他说得话也许是真的。（可能性） Pauline will work all day without a r
7、est. Pauline 总是能够不用休息整天工作。（频度） I will help you if you like. 如果你愿意，我会帮助你的。（倾向） You must come here on time. 你必须准时来这。（职责）,表示“义务，和必然”。A）所谓表示“义务”，即表示必须做某事。可用should, ought to, must。这三个情态动词表示“义务”，其口气略有区别。must （必须），表“敦促”或“命令”，说话人是权威的一方，对人对己都适用。 You must follow the school rules. We must be faithful to our fr
8、iends. I really must stop smoking.,情态动词,表示将来的“必须”，常用have to （必须， 不得不）的一定形式will/shall have to. We must do it again. （现在） We will have to do it again. （将来）表示过去的“必须”，常用have to 的过去时形式had to. I must leave at six. I had to leave at six yesterday.Must 有两个否定形式： 1. mustnt 表示”不许，禁止” You mustnt talk like that.
9、 2. neednt 表示“不必” -Must you leave so soon? -No, you neednt. neednt=dont have to 不必，不需要 You dont have to stay at home . You dont have to keep the window closed, we are not cold.,need 做情态动词表“需要”，只能用于否定句和疑问句。 He need not go at once. He neednt worry about it Need I collect the parcel myself?用need提问，肯定回答
10、为must，否定为neednt。 -Need we work very late? -Yes, we must. 或-No, we neednt. -Must I see a doctor? -Yes, you must. -No, you neednt./No, you dont have to.,can 能够（现在或将来的能力），许可 He can swim across the river. （能够） He can speak five languages. （能够） -Can I use your pen, please ? （请求许可） -Yes, you can. (给予许可) -
11、No, you cant. （不许） You can play around here, if you like.（给予许可） 如果你喜欢的话，你可以在附近玩。,could （过去的能力）能够,（有礼貌的）请求许可 I could swim across the river at the age of ten.（过去能够） He said that he could do his work well. （过去能够） Could I use your pen, please ? (有礼貌的)请求许可 Could you do me a favor ? (有礼貌的)请求许可 Could you c
12、ome and see me tomorrow? (有礼貌的)请求许可,may 许可（同can一样） -May I have a look at your photo, please ? -Yes, please. / No, you may not. -May I ask you a question ? -Yes, you can/may. You may go whichever way you like.,should 应该 You should finish your work on time. You shouldnt be late for class.ought to 应该 Y
13、ou ought to finish your work on time. You ought to obey regulations. He ought to do his duty well.,will 意愿，决心，意图，有礼貌的请求 I will do this difficult job.（决心） I will call you tonight.（意愿） Will you please tell me your name and address ?（有礼貌的请求）,will not (wont) 不愿意，拒绝 I wont do it again.不愿意 The boy wont li
14、sten to others advice.拒绝= The boy refuses to listen to others advice.,shall和will的区别 Shall表示建议，征求对方意见。shall一般用于第一人称，而will一般用于二，三人称。 Shall we go to the park？ Will you go with me ? What shall we do ?,will 的过去式 I know that he will return soon. I knew that he would return soon.委婉的意愿 I would like to go wi
15、th you.委婉的意愿有礼貌的请求 Would you fill in this form, please ？ Would you please show me the way ?,would,情态动词表示对可能性的推测按其可能性程度的高低排列为：must will would can could may might,表示对现在情况的推测 He must be in his early thirties. 他肯定（最有可能）三十岁出头。,He can be in his early thirties. 他可能三十出头。 He may be in his early thirties. He
16、might be in his early thirties.他大概三十出头。,注意 must 只能用于肯定句，它的否定形式有两种当must 作“必须,有必要”讲时，其否定形式为neednt。 Mustwehandinourexercisestoday? 我们必须今天交练习吗? No，youneednt. 不，不必今天交。 Must I be home before nine oclock? 我必须在九点之前赶到家么？ No, you neednt. 不， 不必。,当must 表示“推测”，作“一定；必定”讲时，其否定形式为cant。 - It must be our headmaster.
17、- No. It cant be him, because he went to London this morning.,情态动词+不定式完成体,May/might+不定式完成体 这两种结构都表示过去的“可能”，译为“可能已经”，在这里用may/might只有口气上婉转程度的差异，而没有时间上的区别。 He may/might have been hurt. She may/might have missed the train.,can/could+不定式完成体,这种结构也表示过去可能性的推测： He cant /could have been hurt.他可能/不可能受伤了。（指说话之前
18、受的伤） She cant/could have missed the train. 她可能/不可能错过火车。,might/could+不定式完成体,这种结构还可表示本来可能发生但没有发生，或者本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。You might have killed yourself.（你本来可能送命的。）You could have come earlier. 你本该早些来。（但没能早些来）He could have done better. 他本该做得更好的。（但没能做得更好）I could have reported you. （我本可以告发你。）,must+不定式完成体,1，也表示对过
19、去事态的推测，译为“一定已经”例如： You must have left your handbag in the theatre. 你一定把你的手提袋落在剧院了。 Her eyes are red. She must have been crying. 她眼睛红红的，一定是哭过。 2，表示推测的must的否定形式为cant而不是must not. If Fred didnt leave home before five, he cant be there yet. 如果Fred五点之前没从家出发，他可能还没到那。 He cant have been to your home. He does
20、nt know your address. 他不可能去过你家，他都不知道你的地址。,neednt+不定式完成体,表示过去本来不必做某事却做了。例如：You neednt have bought that house. 你本来不必买那栋房子的。 She neednt have been worrying about it. 她本不必为此担心。 由此可见, didnt need to 与neednt have+不定式完成体的含义是有区别的。 I didnt need to go to the station. I neednt have gone to the station.这两句都表示某时“我
21、不必到车站去，”前一句表示因为没有必要而不曾前往，后一句则表示本无必要却在过去某时去了车站。,ought to/should+不定式完成体,可表示本来应该做某事却没有做或者本来不该做某事却做了。 You should/ought to have asked my permission fist. 你本该事先征得我允许的。 You shouldnt/oughtnt to have been resting at that time of day. 你那会本不该休息的。还可表示对过去事情的推测，译为“应该已经”。 I think he ought to have arrived home by n
22、ow. 我想他现在应该到家了。,练习1,That must be a mistake. No, it _ a mistake. A. must not be B. neednt be C. cannot be D. would not be,C,You _ see her, but I must. A. havent B. cannot C. mustnt D. neednt Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. mustB. may C. can D. will,D,D,Mary _ be in London
23、because I saw her in town just now. A. mustnt B. isnt able to C. may not D. cannot _ to have lunch with us today? A. Do you like B. Would you like C. Will you like D. Have you like,D,B,Mr. Smith promised to come at six, but it is already nine. He _ missed the train. A. will have B. has to have C. ma
24、y have D. ought to haveA computer _ think for itself; it _ be told what to do. A. may not, must B. mustnt, might C. shouldnt, could D. cant, must,C,D,You are running a fever. You _ to see the doctor. A. need go B. must have gone C. should go D. can goYou _ do the exercise if you dont want to. A. may
25、 not B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt,C,D,虚拟语气,英语动词在一定的语境中可以表达不同的语气，以表明说话人的态度。语气大概可分为三种：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。,虚拟语气分为两种形式：从句动词用过去时态；从句动词用should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。从句动词用should+动词原形这种虚拟式指不管主语是什么人称，动词一律为原形。,这种虚拟式主要用于某些表示建议、要求、决定、意图、需要等主动词所带的宾语从句中，有advise, order, insist, suggest, demand, request等，要求用“should+动词原形”或只用
26、动词原形。I suggest that he (should) be leader of the team. The doctor advised that I take more exercises and watch less TV. My tutor insisted that I write an essay in this way. They order that he do it himself.,虚拟语气用于宾语从句,这种虚拟式还可用于与上述动词同形的名词（desire, advice, demand, order, request，suggestion等）以及proposal,
27、 decision, plan, idea 等后面的表语从句或同位语从句中，要求用“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。The doctors advice is that he should give up smoking. The polices order was that all the people leave the building.,用于同位语从句和表语从句中,这种虚拟式还可用于某些表示建议，要求，需要等形容词词组中的that所引导的分句中。这些形容词有：essential, important, necessary，desirable，urgent等，谓语动词用shoul
28、d+动词原形。It is necessary that he see his doctor once a week. It is important that the children have a good education.,虚拟语气用于主语从句中,过去时态的虚拟式指不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were。在I wish 后的that分句中。,S + wish +(that)+S+were I wish I were a bird, and I would be flying in the sky. I wish I were you.,S+ wish +(that) +S +did.
29、I wish I had wings. (In fact, I dont have wings) I wish she stayed with us now. (In fact, she doesnt stay with us) She wishes that I didnt like playing computer games. (In fact, I like it),S + wish +(that) +S + had done. I wish I had washed the clothes yesterday. (In fact, I didnt wash the clothes.)
30、 The boy wishes that he hadnt told a lie last week. (In fact, the boy told the lie last week.) She wishes she had been to the Great Wall before. (In fact, she has never been to the Great Wall ),还用于由if, if only, as if/though, though, 等引导的条件状语或让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让步 If only I were a bird ! 如果我是只鸟那该多好啊！,I
31、f only I knew five languages!如果我懂五国语言那该多好！If only I had been to the Great Wall !如果我去过长城那该多好 ！If only I hadnt made the mistake yesterday !如果我昨天没犯错那该多好！,与现在事实相反的假设If +主语+过去式 ,主语+ would +原形 could might,If he were you, he would be angry.If he had wings, he would fly.If there were no sun, nothing could l
32、ive.,与过去事实相反的假设：If +主语+过去完成体,主语+should/+have +过去分词 could would might,If he had had money, he would have gone abroad last year.If I had been you, I would have been angry yesterday.If he had worked harder, he would not have failed.,与将来事实相反的假设：If +主语+ 过去式或were to,主语+ would+原型 should might could,If I we
33、re to die today, my family would starve tomorrow.What would happen if we were to lose the secret of making fire?,I lost my watch yesterday. If only I _ it ! A. hadnt lost B. havent lost C. didnt loseD. dont lose You _ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice. A. may not make B. might no
34、t make C. shouldnt have made D. would not have made,A,D,练习2,The teacher demanded that the exam _ before eleven. A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished,C,Mr. Green requires that the students _ composition every other week. A. write B. written C. would write D. will wri
35、te,A,I wish I _ what is happening there in his room. A. know B. is known C. knew D. should know It is important that he _ sports every day. A. have B. would have C. must have D. will have,C,A,Mrs. Black insists_ in that old hotel. A. not to stay B. not staying C. she stay not D. that she not stay,D,
36、I suggested you _ (start) as soon as the rain stopped.She wishes that she _went_ ( go ) to see the movie with me tonight. If only I _ ( get ) the chance to go abroad last year!,should start,had got,If only I _ (can speak) five languages!The doctor advised that my father _ ( not eat ) meat before he
37、recovered.,could speak,not eat,Its necessary that everyone _ ( be given ) three minutes to get ready.He made a suggestion that the old newspapers _ (throw) out. Its essential that every student _ (consider) his future job right now.,be given,Be thrown,consider,How I wished I _ ( able to travel) all
38、over the world! He wishes that he _ ( not make) the mistakes in yesterdays exam.,hadnt made,were able to,If it _ ( not rain) yesterday, we _ (go) outing. If it _ ( not rain) right now, we _ (start) off at once.If you _ (come) last night, you _ (see) her.,had not rained,would have gone,didnt rain,would start,had come,would have seen,
