1、第 1 页Lesson 42 Modern cavemen一、单词讲解 New words and expressionscaveman n 洞穴人（穴居人）cave n.洞穴（天然的） caveman n. （远古）洞穴人 a man living in a cave thousands of years agocavern kv()n n. 大洞穴，大山洞 a large cavecavity kvt n.洞，腔（正式的医学术语） ；（龋齿的）洞pothole pthl n.锅穴（冰原） ，壶穴（河床） （地质）potholing n.洞穴探险（运动）potholer n.洞穴探险者sol
2、itude sltju:d n.孤独、寂寞（2.独处） （enjoying being alone, being without companions）六级罕见live in solitude 独自（居住）生活isolation n.隔离、孤立（不情愿地，被动 ） （a feeling of being lonely and unable to meet or speak to other people）eg. Retirement can often cause feeling of isolation.seclusion sklu:()n n. 隔离（主动，隔离室等） ；隐居、与世隔绝独处
3、（刻意）eg. The Emperor lived in seclusion behind the walls of the Forbidden City.Recluse rklu:s n.隐士 n. 隐士；隐居者 adj. 隐居的远离【世界】 ，过着【隔绝】生活， “常常”是【独处】 。 - 不一定是【宗 教信仰】的原因，不一定是独处（也许是小群体的与世隔绝的生活） ；recluse 的第 2 个含义，才是指修行者，和上面 hermit 同。reclusive rklusv adj. 隐居的；隐遁的hermit hmt n. （尤指宗教原因的）隐士，隐居者；蜂鸟强调的是远离【社会】 ，因【宗
4、教信仰】而【独处】的修行的人。还有些小的区别：recluse 只用于人，而 hermit 可指动物的独居习性；lure l(j) v 引诱，诱惑 （ n. 诱惑；饵；诱惑物 vt. 诱惑；引诱；引怪（游戏术语） ）potholer n.洞穴探险者rambler rmbl 漫步者，散步者 （n. 漫步者，漫谈者；攀缘蔷薇）stroll strl n.溜达, 散步（= slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden）指不慌不忙地溜达go for a stroll = go for a walk, take a stroll = take a wal
5、k- He is strolling along the road.Stroller n.散步者 , 流浪者Ramble rmbl v.海岸、林中的漫步 - The couple are rambling in the forest. 英漫步，尤指为消遣而在乡间闲逛Roam rm v.不安定的漂泊 （徜徉；闲逛；漫步 to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction）常指长时间没有目的或方向地游荡。Wander wnd vi.漫步, 徘徊, 流浪, 彷徨, 无目的地移动1、to walk slowly
6、around or to a place, often without any particular sense of purpose or direction2、V (away, back, to, etc. sth)(of a persons mind or thoughts 人的思想或想法) 走神；神志恍惚；（思想）开小差 to stop being directed on sth and to move without much control to other ideas,3、V (away/off) | (from/off sth)偏离（正道） ；走失；离散 to move awa
7、y from the place where you ought to be or the people you are with第 2 页同义词： strayundertaking n 任务，工作undertake v.承担，着手做undertake to do 1、开始做 you start doing it and accept responsibility for it 2、承诺做 you promise that you will do it.-He undertook to inform everyone concerned. -We undertake a investigati
8、on.承担，着手做：start to do sth take off doing sth be engaged in sth（参与，从事于，忙于） set out to do set about doing undertaking n.事业，工作（正在着手做的事）Assignment （工作中的）任务，作业 on an assignment 去执行公务 assign 分配，指派mission 使命 Mission Impossible 谍中谍foresight f:sat n 预见，深谋远虑foresee 预见 forecast 预测，预报 predict 预计 expect 期望，预计For
9、e 前缀表示 1、前部的（空间） ，前面的（时间） 2、预先1、forehead forearm 前臂 forefinger 食指 foreword 前言（写在书前面的话 前言）Forerunner 先驱，先兆 forefather 祖先 foresight 远见2、foresee forecast foretell forestall 阻止（预先制止）foretell f:tel v 预言 名词的预测一般用 prediction prophecy prfs n. 预言；allegory lg()r 寓言（讽寓） fable feb()l （n. 寓言；无稽之谈 vi. 编寓言；虚构 vt.
10、煞有介事地讲述；虚构）foretell 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。forecast 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。predict 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。foresee 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断chasm kz()m n.断层，裂缝，陷坑 （n. 峡谷；裂口；分歧；深坑）a rope bridge across the chasm 横跨裂缝的绳索桥n.分歧，不同，裂痕 （a big difference between th
11、e opinions, experience, ways of life）a deep political chasm between these two countries 两个国家间的很大的政治分歧flaw fl: n.瑕疵，小裂缝，小错，弱点；裂缝，裂纹 vt 破裂 2、使噼啪作响; 发出辟裂声 3、撞击 4、叩开（壳第 3 页鸡蛋）5、破解难题，密码等） 最普通的用词eg. She opened the door a crack and slipped in.crevice krevs n. （岩石上的）细小裂缝（a narrow crack , especially in rock）
12、gap n. 间隙；缺口；差距；分歧( an empty space between two objects) 强调空间the generation gap 代沟eg. There is wide gap in my knowledge of history.我历史知识十分缺乏。distinguished adj.杰出的、著名的（学术上、领域知名的）very successful and respected; well known; remarkableeg. A distinguished scientist won The Nobel Prize.a tall, distinguished
13、-looking man 一个高个，相貌非凡的男子unremarkable remarkably remark vt 谈到、说起（正式评论、谈论 on/upon） n. 评论、意见 aboutoutstanding（adj. 突出的，杰出的，卓越的） - Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）Distinguished（adj. 杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）(非常成功且令人钦佩的) physicist fzsstEminent（adj. 显赫的, 杰出的 , 有名的, 优良的） emnnt (尤指在某一行业、专业领域中颇有名气
14、的)Distinguished 和 eminent 是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）- a distinguished physicist（n.物理学家）, an eminent surgeon（n.外科医生）- an eminent judge（n.法官）, a distinguished lawyer（n.律师）noted adj. 显著的、值得注意的；著名的 well-known to receive a lot of public attention a noted restaurant 一个远近闻名的餐馆celebrated selbretd adj. most-talked a
15、bout , famous 著名的 （非常偏，专业四级）a celebrated case 人尽皆知的案例 celebrity slebrt (尤指娱乐界的) 名人，明星illustrious lstrs adj.极为杰出的，著名的（一般指人 ）(famous and admired because of what you have achieved in the past, greatly distinguished; celebrated)an illustrious book an illustrious namerenowned rnand adj.某人或某事/地以其独特的品质、个性而
16、 闻名 be (as/for sth)有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的 famous and respected- Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）notorious adj.臭名远扬的（famous widely known for sth bad）a notorious gangster 恶名昭彰的歹徒infamous adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）Everest: the highest mountain in the Himalayas, on the border between Tibet an
17、d Nepal npleg. AIDS researchers have made some progress, but they still have an Everest to climb.wade wed v 涉水、蹚水（或泥） (vi. 跋涉 vt. 涉水；费力行走 n. 跋涉；可涉水而过的地方)介词一般用 through 或者 acrosswade through 引申出：费时费力地啃读waterfall 瀑布downfall 垮台 snowfall 暴雪gear 一套用具之前学的是档位，挂挡是 go intoinflatable nfletb()l 可充气的 （膨胀的；引申出“得意
18、的” ） pneumatic pneumonia第 4 页an inflatable rubber dingy an inflatable mattressinflate v.1) to fill sth with air 充气 V-T/V-I 使充气；充气inflate a rubber dinghy2) to fill with pride 得意洋洋，骄傲的（人，膨胀）eg. Our egos were inflated by success. 我们因为胜利而变的骄傲自满了。3) to make prices increase 涨价，上涨 vt 涨高eg. The influx of im
19、migrants has inflated house prices.大量移民的涌入使得房价上涨。4) 夸大 vt If someone inflates the amount or effect of something, they say it is bigger, better, or more important than it really is, usually so that they can profit from it. eg:夸大损失，夸大收获等等inflation（通货膨胀） - deflation （银根紧缩）bubble economy 泡沫经济deflate vt.
20、 放气，排气；使缩小；紧缩通货；打击；使泄气 vi. 缩小；物价下降rubblerb()l n.碎石，瓦砾（毁坏后的房屋，或者是铺设在地面最下一层的碎石）boulder bld n.大石块 （a large stone or piece of rock） （卵石，大圆石（圆形巨石） ；巨砾）pebble peb()l n.小卵石，小石子 (a small smooth stone found on the beach or on the bottom of river)eg. You are not the only pebble on the beach!（used to say that
21、you are not the only person who has to be considered or deserves attention）eg. You are not the only fish in the sea.cobble kb()l n. for paving the road 大石子（大卵石，中砾）insistent nsst()nt 连续的，不断的 （1、坚持的; 坚决的 2、(声音、节奏等) 持续的）insist 1、坚持认为 ; 执意要求 V-T/V-I insist that insist on sth/doing 坚持说 insist that注意一些特殊的
22、用法，或者特殊的词意，比如之前 steadily，本意是稳定的，也可以翻译为“连续的”Persistent stubborn abstinatelyboom bu:m v./n. 轰响 bomb bm n 炸弹 vt 活跃，蓬勃- Those plants are flourishing. 那些植物长得茂盛。waterspout w:tspat n 强大的水柱 （水龙卷）第 5 页spout 1、vt (液体、火) 喷射出 2、(容器的) 嘴; 口 3、跌跌不休地说 表不满cleft kleft n.裂缝，开口 （裂口（自然形成） （尤指岩石、地表的）裂缝；额头（或下巴）中间的竖缝；（身体）V
23、 字形凹陷）a natural crack in the surface of rocks or the earth etc.）a sharp cleft between rich and poor 贫富之间的巨大差异cavern kv()n n. 大洞穴，大山洞 a large cavestalagmite stlgmat n 石笋sticks up from the floor of a cave. Stalagmites are formed by the slow dropping of water containing the mineral lime. mn()r()l n. 矿物
24、；（英）矿泉水；无机物；adj. 矿物的；矿质的stalactite stlktat n. 地质 钟乳石a long piece of rock which hangs down from the roof of a cave. Stalactites are formed by the slow dropping of water containing the mineral lime.Plaster pl:st n.熟石膏 (灰泥;熟石膏; 膏药;创可贴;护创胶布;) (v.抹灰;用灰泥抹(墙等); 用涂抹)gypsum dpsm 是生石膏（简称石膏） ，自然界的矿物质（晶体） ,他指代就
25、是 CaSO42H2O，纯的。Plaster 是 灰泥（好像俗称石膏） ，人工的建筑材料（主要成分是 gypsum 生石膏加热去水后变成的熟石膏人工研磨成的白色粉末） ，主要成分是熟石膏 CaSO41/2H2O，其他成分杂七杂八的杂质什么就多了去了我也不是很清楚。种类很多：gypsum plaster 石膏灰泥, lime plaster 石灰泥, cement plaster 水泥灰泥. 总之你就想：gypsum 就是高中化学实验室放在瓶子里的做实验的纯石膏。plaster 是建筑工地一大包一大包的盖房子用的所谓的“石膏”lime lam 石灰，青柠，酸橙limestone 石灰石glist
26、en gls()n v 闪烁 （vi. 闪光，闪亮 n. 闪光，闪耀） （it shines, usually because it is wet or oily. (因有水或有油而) 发光）glint glim flash flickereerie r adj. 引起恐惧的 (“令人”)，可怕的 (strange and frightening causing a feeling of mystery and fear)the eerie sound of an owl hoots in the forest at night 夜晚猫头鹰在森林里发出令人恐怖的叫声。in the eerie
27、silence 令人恐怖的寂静之中eerily ADV 怪异地; 可怕地dome dm n.穹隆，圆顶（圆屋顶） （a round roof 圆顶）the blue dome of sky 苍穹 under the dome 穹顶之下 柴静，雾霾doom du:m v./n. to make sb certain to fail, die 命里注定（会怎样） ，在劫难逃 常用被动 be doomed to do（n. 厄运；死亡；判决；世界末日 vt. 注定；判决；使失败） vt doom sth to sth 注定使什么怎样（If a fact or event dooms someone
28、or something to a particular fate, it makes certain that they are going to suffer in some way. 注定） destiny 命运eg. Their marriage was doomed to failure.doomsday 世纪末日第 6 页二、课文讲解Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.as it has come to be knownas 引导方式状语从句“正
29、如人们已开始知道的那样。 ”Come to 变成某种状态，有一个方向性，结合现在完成时又有了时间性， “从过去到现在，逐渐地”Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt.eg. Bumjee jumping, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.上节课学到了 or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city ev
30、eryday to go to work （go to work 也有一个方向性，考试一般不会考，阅读中也不太重要，但是表达上要准确）relatively reltvl adv.相对地，比较地Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.It is the desire for solitudethat lures people （强调句）eg. It is the wi
31、sh for knowledge that lures me into the book world.注意介词的使用，desire for chance of=chance to do以及副词 down 表示方向后紧跟的 to 介词，表目的对象 eg：back to注意 depth 除了深度以外，depths（复数形式）表示深处、深渊It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holers motives.eg. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation
32、 for a murders motives.Active adj. 积极的；活跃的；主动的；有效的；现役的 n. 主动语态；积极分子Activate vt. usu passive 刺激；使活动；使活泼；使产生放射性 vi. 激活；有活力Initiate vt. 启动，开始，创始；发起；使初步了解（传授） n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者Motive n. 动机，目的；主题 adj. 发动的；成为动机的 vt. 使产生动机，激起Motivate v. 刺激，使有动机，激励/激发的积极性；成为的动机；（激起某种行为）For him, caves have the same peculiar
33、 fascination which high mountains have for the climber.注意对比的用法，fascination foreg. What a high mountain is to a climber that a cave is to a pot-holer.eg. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history. 正如达尔文发现有机自然界的发展规律一样
34、，马克思发现了人类的发展规律。They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood.arouse vt 引起，激起，激发arise vi. 出现；上升；起立instinct n. 本能 language instinct 语感 instinct for self-preservation 自卫本能 介词用 forintuition ntj()n 直觉（注意同位语从句的使用） The Sixth Sense 第六感eg. I had an intuition that it would rain.eg. I feel in my bon
35、e that there may be a chance in a million that I was right.tuition n.学费；授课（指导）英国英语dim 暗淡的，希望渺茫的，可能性小的第 7 页Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.注意总结表达“困难”的几种方式its difficult for sb to do sth 最直白doing sth is not a task for sbsb attempting to do sth is always faced
36、with a difficult tasksb has a hard time doing sth 虽然简单也比较直接，但是表示的意思更加婉转Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.of military operations 军事行动般的 注意这个所有格 of，表达的意思是军事行动的远见， “般的”用来修饰 the precise planning and foresight It can take as long as eight days to rig up r
37、ope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.It can take as long as rig upit can take as long as it 是形式主语，to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases 是逻辑主语as long as 只要，就；长达 as long ago as 早在（14 课）rig up v. 装备，装配；（用身边的工具）草草搭起/做成(to make equipm
38、ent, furniture etc. quickly from objects that you find around you)rig rg 本意是给(船、桅等)装配帆、锁具等 nautical（v. 操纵；装配；装扮；装上索具；为提供服装 n. 装备；钻探设备；服装；帆装；重型铰接式开车）eg. Soldiers rigged up tents for the night. 士兵搭起了过夜的帐篷。eg. We rigged up a simple shower at the back of the cabin.我们在小屋的后面临时装上了一个简易热水器。It can take as lon
39、g asrig up a descent can be made intomake a descent intoeg. They discovered the crater and made a descent into the volcano.他们发现了火山口，并进入了火山。descent dsent 六级名词 1、下降、下坡 2、沉沦; 没落 强调 3、出身 正式descend on descend into descend to sth/doing sth ascend 反义词，上升1) family origins 后代 eg. We are Chinese by descent.2)
40、 a gradual change towards behavior that is wrong 堕落，品格下降Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.precaution n. 预防措施 (precaution) take precaution（sth that you do in advance in order to prevent sth d
41、angerous or unpleasant from happening）eg. We have to save our work often as a precaution against computer failure.要经常存盘，以免计算机失误而丢失文档。eg. I take all the precautions of insuring my car. 我采取预防措施给车子上了保险。take preventive measures 采取预防措施=take steps=take actionseg. The government took effective steps to hol
42、d back the increasing inflation. 抑制了持续增长的通货膨胀。the exact nature ofwill confront the pot-holer.nature n.本质，本性，性质 human nature 人性the nature of 属性质（类）eg. His request was virtually in the nature of a command.第 8 页let the nature take its course 顺其自然eg. What will be will be. Let the nature take its course.
43、call of the nature 大小便急（委婉语）the exact nature ofwill confront the pot-holer.confront v.面对，遭遇 （to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way）在这里要注意其主语，一般而言用的是人做主语，但是反过来，拟人的非灵主语，把困难作为主语confront sb with sth 特化为( 以某事物) 与 (某人) 对质eg. On my first day at work I was confron
44、ted with the task of chairing a meeting. be faced withThe deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunneled a course through a flaw in the rocks. known 过去分词直接做前置定语ex
45、tend 深达，也可以长达be formed by 以什么形成tunnel 隧道，在这里是动词，形成隧道，挖掘隧道，挖掘，冲刷出隧道的形状The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. dfin 王妃 多芬阿尔卑斯山脉the entrance to 的入口处entrance examinationthe gateway to getwe 大门入口，门户；途径；网关eg. For immigrants from Asia, the gateway to USA is San Francisco.plateau plt
46、高原As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might have never been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.might have done sth 虚拟语气结构正常结构为 if the entrance had not been spotted by非真实性条件状语从句，if 的省略多用于较正式的文体之中。把“如果”两字在字面上就去掉eg. Ha
47、d I realized what you intended I should not have wasted my time. if I have realized what you intendedSince its discovery, it has become a sort of pot-holers Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.much of it still remains to be explored 有待于进一步勘探注意
48、里面概念的转换，让步状从的主语是 a number of descents 探险者的进洞探索， “每次探险”意味着都会有一些新的发现，主句是 much of it 变成了洞穴本身，但整体仍然说的还是洞穴的未知和神秘。remain a lot to be seenremain a lot to be desiredremain a lot to be improvedeg. It remains to be seen whether or not the operation was successful. 这次行动是否成功还是有待观察。本课裂缝深坑不同的表达After entering the narrow gap on第 9 页This immense chasm has beenThe entrance to the cave isA team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the
