1、Lesson 42 Modern cavemenNew words and expressionscaveman (远古)洞穴人pot-holing 洞穴探险，洞穴探险运动solitude 孤独，寂寞; loneliness, lonesomelure 引诱，诱惑; seduce, temptpot-holer 洞穴探险者ramble 漫步者，散步者undertaking 任务，工作; task, work, missionforesight 预见，深谋远虑foretell 预言; predict, forecastGrenoble 格里诺布尔chasm 断层，裂口，陷坑 ; gapflaw
2、小裂缝 ; fissuredistinguished 杰出的，著名的, famous, out-standingEverest 珠穆朗玛峰wade 涉水，趟水waterfall 瀑布gear 一套用具inflatable 可充气的rubble 碎石，瓦砾insistent 连续的，不断的boom 轰响waterspout 强大的水柱cleft 裂隙，开口cavern 大洞穴stalagmite 石笋stalactite 钟乳石limestone 石灰石glisten 闪烁; glow, shine, glittereerie 引起恐惧的，可怕的dome 穹窿，圆顶; vault, vt, 加穹
3、顶于(tent)Text1. Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. as it has come to be known, 插入语，正如已逐渐为人所知的那样，2. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth. It isthat强调句
4、式。也可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分” 。这种强调结构是英语里最常见的强调句。强调结构最重要的特征是 it 在句中无具体指代意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用，并且去掉强调结构“It is (was) that(who)”后，剩下的句子部分仍能组成一个意思完整的句子- It was because it rained heavily that they didnt go swimming.- It was he who took my book away.3. It is impossible to give a satisfactory expla
5、nation for a pot-holers motives. It is impossible / important / necessary to do sth.- It is important to realize our mistake for the lose of the competition. 4. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly
6、understood. For him, 对于他来说。which引导限定性定语从句。dimly understood, hardly understood. 几乎不能让人理解。5. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Exploring really deep caves动名词短语做主语。6. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can ta
7、ke as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. precise planning, carefully studied planning.as long as，1）在表示 during the whole time that(长达之久) 或 while(只要) 的含义时,往往用 as long asAs long as there is life there is hope. 留得生命
8、在，不怕没希望。2）在表示 on condition that, provided that 或 if(只要,如果)的含义时,用 as long as 或 so long as 的情况均很常见。Ill accept any job as / so long as I dont have to get up early. 只要不必早起，任何工作我都可以接受。3）在表示 since, considering that(既然,因为) 的含义时,多用 as long as。As long as you are here, go on. 你既然已经来到这里了，继续吧。4）有时,as / so long
9、as 与 if only 同义,由它引导的状语分句可不依附主句而单独使用,表示说话人的希望、愿望或遗憾心情等。-Its said its going to turn colder and freeze later on. 听说过些时候天气要变冷,有冰冻. -As long as it doesnt spoil the weekend. (=I hope that it doesnt spoil the weekend.) 只要不把周末弄糟了就没事。5）在用 as / so long as 连接的从句中,当其谓语为 be,而主语和主句的主语相同时 ,则从句的主语和 be 可以省略。Im sure
10、 we are safe as long as(we are) in his care. 我深信只要在他的保护下，我们就会平安无事。rig up, equip with, 装备7. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer. precautions, protect actions. 保护措施for 引导一个原因状语从句，which 引导一个限定性定语
11、从句。8. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet. 9. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunneled a course through a flaw in the rocks. chasm, cave, 洞穴，which 引导一个限定性定语从句。10. The entrance to the cave i
12、s on s plateau in the Dauphine Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. As 引导一个原因状语从句。11. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of pot-holers Everest. T
13、hough a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored. 这是表示与过去事实不相符的虚拟语气结构，句中的非真实条件句 had not the entrance been spotted by由于省略了 if，因此要用倒装句式。12. A team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the
14、steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor. After 是一个介词，后面接动名词。13. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. edge ones way侧身徐徐向前移动。14. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at th
15、e bottom of the cave. which 引导一个限定性定语从句。at the bottom of在底部15. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. plunged into, jumped into, 纵身跳入16. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special
16、rubber suits. to, in order to, 为了17. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. which 引导一个限定性定语从句。18. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a
17、pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall. shooting downSqueezing through分词作伴随状语。19. After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites some of them over forty feet high rising
18、 up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof. After switching，介词+动名词结构rising up分词作伴随状语。20. Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colors of the rainbow. In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them. Round about (the stalagmites)，在那些石笋周围by water which drippedwhich 引导一个限定性定语从句。Multiple choice questions1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. b7. d 8. b 9. c 10. d 11. d 12. b, frozen,冻结的， freezing, 冰冷的，chilly, 寒冷的， iced 结冰的
