1、1大学英语四级考试写作专项指导与练习一、历年真题透视考试时间 写作题目 题型分析2011.06 Online Shopping社会生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 问题分析型2010.12 How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?社会热点题材 提纲式作文 议论文 问题分析型2010.06 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling校园生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 问题分析型2009.12 Creating a Green Campus校园生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 问题分析型2009.06 Fr
2、ee Admission To Museums社会生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 现象/观点阐释2008.12 Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags社会热点题材 提纲式作文 议论文 问题分析型考试时间 写作题目 题型分析2008.06 Recreational Activities社会热点题材 提纲式作文 议论文 现象/观点阐释2007.12 What Electives to Choose校园生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 现象/观点阐释2007.06 Welcome to Our Club校园生活题材 提纲式作文 应用文 应用文类2006.12
3、 On the Spring Festival Gala社会热点题材 提纲式作文 议论文 对比对照型2006.06 On Students Selecting Lecturers校园生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 现象/观点阐释2005.12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?校园生活题材 提纲式作文 议论文 对比对照型命题趋势分析1. 对比对照类、现象/观点阐释类、问题解决类以及应用文类是考查的重点。写作试题中提供的文章框架清晰明了，思路明确。描述现象、分析原因、阐明个人看法是四级写作部分的主要考查重点。2. 根据考试改革方案和课
4、程教学要求的相关规定，应用文（包括书信、便条等） 、说明文和议论文仍然将是新四级作文的主攻方向。从近 5 年来真题的命题来看，议论文、应用文始终是考查的重点。二、解读阅卷评分原则阅卷老师在语言方面主要从两个方面进行评判：1、基本正确美国作家海明威经常使用小学词汇，但他是诺贝尔文学奖的得主，可见语言的好坏不在词藻的华丽与否，而在于使用得是否得当。四、六级考生的最大问题不是写得太简单，而是严重错误太多。基础一般的同学即使使用小学或中学词汇和句型，只要使用得基本正确，也可以得到及格分数。考生最常犯的语言错误有三类：语法、拼写、标点。最常犯的语法错误包括：时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等。22、丰富
5、多变基础较好的同学，要想取得四、六级写作高分，应做到丰富多变。丰富多变体现在词汇和句型两方面。同一词语在一句话、一个段落乃至一篇文章中最好不要重复出现，应尽量使用同、近义词替换(无法替换的关键词除外)。例如： think 可以替换为 reckon, assume, argue 等词。此外，句型也应富于变化，不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使用主系表、过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句等多种句型。全文应以短句为主，长短句相结合。精炼的短句可以放在段首表示强调;复杂的长句可以进行具体的论证、举例或描述。三、背诵是永恒的高分真经语言学习有两个关键词输入(INPUT)和输出(OUTPU
6、T)。口语和写作属于输出，考生必须变被动为主动，这很难在短期内突破。没有大量的输入，很难进行自由输出。在英语学习中，多数同学只沉溺于背单词、抠语法、做阅读，很少有人背诵英文文章。正因为没有大量输入，写作才始终处于“挤牙膏”状态，想一句说一句，说一句翻译一句。背诵是提高英语综合能力的法宝，可分为以下 5 个层次：(1)精彩词汇，(2)精彩句型，(3) 精彩句子，(4) 万能框架，(5)经典范文。注意句子和句型不一样，精彩句子应作为单词来记忆。背诵前，确保自己已充分理解所有内容。培根说过：“Writing makes an exact man.”(写作使人精确。) 背完经典范文后，进行默写。然后对
7、照原文纠错，搞清楚错在什么地方。多数同学在写的时候都会犯小错误，如拼写、单复数、大小写等。这些就是你在写作中的弱点，也是阅卷老师最不能容忍的地方。四、写作练习与背诵范文1、问题分析、解决型1. 定义：问题分析解决型作文要求考生针对给出的问题进行论述。题目所给的问题大多数是当今社会的热门话题。问题从本质上而言也是一种现象，只不过是一种不大好的现象。通常都要求考生分析问题产生的原因或危害，并提出解决问题的建议。2. 写作步骤：基本提纲结构是：第一段直击问题作为中心，用“一句话”来具体展现和说明。第二、三段为对问题的原因或解决方法的分析，为文章的主体段落，要注意分层展开。第一步：提出问题或现象。针对
8、命题，概括性地提所要论述的社会问题和现象的主要特点。第二步：找出、分析问题的原因或后果。说明问题产生的原因是什么，并且要分析说明原因造成的后果是什么。第三步：提出建议或解决问题的方法，或对目前无法解决的问题提出展望。3. 问题分析型作文模版问题分析型模版按照开头、正文和结尾三个部分呈现。供同学们研究、模仿，以便快速提高类似作文的写作水平。开头段1. It has now drawn （increasing public / much nationwide） attention to the (issue / problem) of _.2. Currently, _ has been brou
9、ght to such popular attention that _. 3. According to (a statistics / a survey / an investigation / a study / a poll), there is _(提出问题). 例：(Recently / Currently), the problem of global warming has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the top of the agenda
10、.According to the recent statistics, 80% teenagers are (addicted to / indulged in) playing online games.正文段1. (分析原因) The (phenomenon / problem / failure / change) (of / in) _ is (partly / mainly / largely) (attributable to/due to/owing to.) _. First of all, _. Secondly, _. Finally, _.2. (分析原因) There
11、 are (several / many / a number of / a variety of) (causes / reasons / factors) could (account for / contribute to / lead to) (the dramatic growth / extraordinary development / inevitable change ) in _.33. (分析影响或结果): It is important for（people / teenagers）to realize that _ will ( produce / exert / h
12、ave) a/an (remarkable / noticeable / striking / outstanding) (impact / influence / effect) on _. In the first place, _. In the second place, _. Furthermore, _. 结尾段1. There is (no denying/little doubt) that (special / adequate / considerable / further) attention must be (paid / called / devoted) to t
13、he problem of _. If we (ignore / fall in / are blind to) the problem, it is very likely that _.2. It is high time that strict measures were taken to _. (It is time that we laid considerable special emphasis on the growth _.)3. It is (suggested / recommended / hoped) that (great / persistent / contin
14、uous) efforts should be made to (halt / control / check) the danger of _. Anyhow, (wider education / more publicity) should be given to the serious (consequences / effects) of _. 4. Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. To begin with, we should (appeal to the authorities to
15、make strict laws to _). In addition, we should (cultivate the awareness of people that _ is essential to us). Only in this way can we (reverse the disturbing trend illustrated above).练习篇一Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Deal with Sub-he
16、alth. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 随着世界现代化的不断发展，人们的物质生活水平不断攀升，但人们却日益受到 “亚健康” 这种不良状态的威胁。2. 亚健康的具体表现及在我国的蔓延程度(北京，上海，广州等地的上班族都属于亚健康状态) 。3. 在现代社会中应怎样解决亚健康问题。【审题】 这篇文章要求考生谈如何解决亚健康问题,因此文章的体裁应该是议论文。文章的内容包括三个方面： 一是亚健康问题的出现；二是亚健康问题的表现；三是如何解决亚健康问题。文章的重
17、点应放在第二、三方面。文章的写作方向应为：亚健康问题的出现亚健康表现为疲倦等，大多数上班族处于亚健康状态缓解压力，拥有健康人生。【中心思想】 在物质生活水平不断提高的现代社会， “亚健康”问题出现了；具体表现为紧张、疲倦，身体状况不佳，多数上班族都处于亚健康状态；要解决亚健康问题，就要学会调整生活，缓解压力，以确保拥有健康人生。【写作提纲】 Para. 1: The appearance of sub-health problem(1) Life of improved living standards(2) The threat of sub-healthPara. 2: The sympt
18、oms and victims of sub-health(1) The symptoms fatigue, a sense of being ill (2) The victims office workersPara. 3: The solution of the problem(1) cause quick pace of modern life(2) solution learning to slow down and enjoy life【背诵范文】How to Deal with Sub-healthWith the acceleration of global moderniza
19、tion, people are enjoying a constantly improved material life. At the same time we may gradually find ourselves confronted with the threat of sub-health, a state between health and disease. Indeed, sub-health can result in both physical and mental diseases. Even worse, people who suffer from sub-hea
20、lth are more easily to die prematurely.4One typical symptom of sub-health is continual fatigue; the victim always feels tired and suspicious of some disease, which, however, is usually not to be detected through any physical check. Typical victim group consists of office workers, the active follower
21、s of material life yielded through their tense and hard work. Considering the great harm brought by sub-health, I think it is high time that we took effective measures to prevent sub-health. As the quick pace of modern life is the ultimate cause of the problem, modern people had better learn to slow
22、 down a bit, try to do some exercise regularly to keep healthy. In addition, people must have enough sleep to ensure that they can regain energy and physical strength. To conclude, it is necessary for us to take flexible measures to avoid the threat of sub-health.练习篇二Directions: For this part, you a
23、re allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Commercialization of Campus Music. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）近年来校园音乐逐渐走向商业化，由企业发起主办的大学生音乐节、校园歌手大赛层出不穷2）导致这种现象的原因是什么3）这种现象可能带来的影响【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第 1 点指出一种现象，提纲第
24、 2 点要求分析导致这种现象的原因，提纲第 3 点要求说明该现象可能带来的影响，由此可推知本文应为现象解释型作文。根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：描述近年来企业热衷于举办大学生音乐节、校园歌手大赛的现象；分析导致这种现象的原因；说明该现象可能带来的影响。【背诵范文】Commercialization of Campus MusicIn recent years, campus music has been commercialized gradually. More and more enterprises are interested in being the sponsors of co
25、llege music festivals or award competitions of campus singers. Campus singers and songs are not confined to college campus any more but being pushed to the market gradually.The following factors can account for this phenomenon. On the one hand, some enterprises paying more attention to campus music
26、is out of their sense of commitment to the society. They want to set healthy enterprise images before the public. On the other hand, nowadays entertainment marketing is very popular. Enterprises want to utilize entertainment activities to improve their notability and influence. College students, as
27、the focus of the whole society, are a good choice for these enterprises. Of course, these musical activities have brought more chances for campus singers to show their talents to the public. Besides, campus songs have gotten more wide spreading.However, commercialization of campus music to some exte
28、nt reduces its uniqueness. Induced by fame and wealth, some campus singers try to cater to the tastes of the public and lost their own styles gradually. Therefore, in order to make campus music develop more healthily, both the sponsors of music activities and our campus singers should pay more atten
29、tion on music itself but not profits.2、比较对照、选择型1. 定义：对比选择型文章，要求考生就题目中提到的某一事物或社会现象给出两个对立的观点，然后将两种观点进行对比，并表明自己的看法和立场，或做出选择。所提出的两种观点有时并没有对错之分，有时也可以根据常识判断出某一观点错误或者不成立。2. 写作步骤：题型 第一段 第二段 第三段5对比选择表明一方或双方的观点表明另一方的观点及理由，或指出双方观点的不足及理由 表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做法题型 文章线索 组材方法对比选择 权衡两种不同方法或观点的利弊1）分析观点一的利弊 观点二的利弊 做出最佳选择2）两观
30、点各自的优点 各自的不足做出选择3. 对比选择型作文模版模板一1) There is no complete agreement among people as to _. 2) Some people consider that _. 3) However, others think that _.4) Some people contend that _. 5) They hold this opinion because _. 6) However, others who stand on a different ground believe that _. 7) They argue
31、that _.8) Personally, I prefer the former/latter opinion/choice. 9) Firstly, _. 10) Secondly, _. 11) Most important of all, _. 12) Taking the above-mentioned into consideration, we/I may reasonably conclude that_.模板二1) When asked about / When it comes to _, different people will offer different opin
32、ions. 2) Some people take it for granted that _. 3) In their opinion, _. 4) Besides, _. 5) By contrast, others hold that _. 6) They maintain that _. 7) And _.8) Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the first opinion/choice. 9) For one thing/ On the one hand, _ 10) For another / On the other han
33、d, _. 11) For instance, _. 12) Therefore, as stated above, _.练习篇三 （第一次四级模拟考试已用）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic High Salaries or Career Development? You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chines
34、e) below:1)有的大学毕业生选择工作时主要看重高工资，而有的则认为良好的职业发展空间才是更重要的2)阐述他们各自的考虑3)表明你的看法【行文思路】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第 1 点指出两种不同的选择，提纲第 2 点要求分别阐述这两种选择各自的理由，提纲第 3 点要求表明“我”的看法，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：指出大学毕业生选择工作时不同的侧重点：注重高工资和注重职业发展空间;对比阐述他们各自的理由 ;表明“我”的倾向并说明理由。【背诵范文】High Salaries or Career Development?There are more
35、and more people looking for jobs every year, but they have different views about what kind of job they should choose. 1Some of them focus their attention on the jobs that promise high salaries. 1Others show a preference for those jobs that offer chances to learn skills and advancement possibilities.
36、2People holding the first view usually think that more money will result in more happiness. 3With a lot of money in hand, they will be able to enjoy a rich life. Otherwise, they will suffer from depression 4due to lack of enough money. 2However, the holders of the second view argue 6that one should
37、develop his skills as roundly as possible. 5It is career development that counts most. Without development, you will be outrun by others and fall behind the times sooner or later.In my view, career development is the right choice because career may give us long term satisfaction 6while high salary w
38、ould give us short term happiness. Besides, 7generally speaking, a good career development will bring high salaries sooner or later. So I will 8give my vote to the career development first and then high salaries.【点评】1用于引出两种不同的观点或倾向。2用于对比分析两种观点各自的理由。3“with+宾语+宾补” 的独立结构充当状语。4“因为缺钱”。5强调句型，此处是强调句子的主语。6w
39、hile 引导比较状语从句，意为“然而”。7“一般来说”。8“选择”。【句式练习】1.佳句：Others show a preference for those jobs that offer chances to learn skills and advancement possibilities.临摹：近些年来，越来越多的人开始喜欢洋快餐。_.2.佳句：However, the holders of the second view argue that one should develop his skills as roundly as possible.临摹：然而，持第二种观点的人认为
40、体育明星们为社会做出了杰出的贡献，因此应该得到特殊待遇。_.3.佳句：Career may give us long term satisfaction while high salary would give us short term happiness.临摹：我们之间的共同之处使我们的关系牢固，而不同之处则都会我们如何相互理解。_.【KEY】1. In recent years, there are more and more people who have showed a preference for western fast food.2. However, the holders
41、 of the second view argue that since sports stars have made great contributions to the society, they deserve some special treatment.3. The similarity between us makes our relationship solid while the difference teaches us how to understand each other.练习篇四Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30
42、 minutes to write a composition on the topic Machine Translation and Human Translation. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）现在诸多的电子辞典及相关翻译软件被开发出来，人们不再需要翻阅厚重的字典；2）有人认为以后机器翻译会完全取代人工翻译；3）你是否同意这种观点，为什么？【思路点拨】7本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第 1 点指出一种新兴事
43、物，提纲第 2 点针对该事物提出一种有争议的观点，提纲第 3 点要求表明“我”是否同意这种观点，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：描述电子辞典和翻译软件的使用现状，引出机器翻译会代替人工翻译的观点；表明“我” 对这一观点的态度并说明理由；总结“我”的观点，提出建议。【背诵范文】Machine Translation and Human TranslationIn recent years, all kinds of electronic dictionaries and translation software have been developed. Wit
44、h the development of technology, these electronic dictionaries and software can help us translate not only words and phrases but even sentences and paragraphs. So some people come to the conclusion that machine translation will replace traditional human translation. Admittedly, translation machines
45、and software bring much convenience for our study and our work. With them, we neednt bother to leaf through the heavy dictionaries. However, machine translation has its disadvantages. First, generally speaking, translation software only can give direct translation, which is sometimes not in accordan
46、ce with the original articles in logic and meaning. Second, some people depend on electronic dictionaries and software too much, which is unfavorable to their improvement in language ability.Considering the above-mentioned, I couldnt agree with this argument that machine translation can replace huma
47、n translation. But it is safe to say that machine translation is a good complementary to human translation. Therefore, we should combine machine translation with human translation efficiently.3. 应用文类A图表作文1. 定义：图表作文是通过提供的一组或几组数据来反映某个趋势或某一问题、现象。要求考生对图表中的相关数据进行描述、分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。它是将数据、形象信息转换为文字信息的过程。图
48、表作文要求的不是对图表的简单叙述，而是抓住图表所反映的主要问题。因为图表式作文所要讨论的现象和问题都隐含在数据里，所以考生常会感到比较难写。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析图表中那些最有代表性、规律性的数字，或变化大的数字。 图表式作文的几种形式:一是以表格形式,将统计的数据或被说明的事物直接用表格形式体现出来,即统计表。二是以图形形式 A 表示数据变化的曲线图; B 表示数据的大小或数量之间的差异的条形图; C 表示总体内部结构变化的扇形图。表格-Table 矩形的竖行和横行进行排列的表格 曲线图-Line Graph 表示两组数的关系- 通常为函数关系图柱状图，条形图-Bar Chart/Graph饼形图-Pie Chart2. 写作步骤：图表式作文写作分三步:第一步：开门见山地点明本图表所反映的主题常使用的词汇有:table,
