1、Lecture 2 The Paragraph,Outline,1. 关于段落 2. 段落的三成分 3. 段落的三要素 4.段落的拓展方法 5. 练习,关于段落,段落就是用一系列在逻辑和结构上有联系的句子来表述一个中心思想。段落的实质性问题就是必须把中心思想表述清楚，段落的长短取决于它在文章中的地位。一般说来，段落由三个部分组成(过渡性段落除外)，即：主题句、扩展句和结论句。,提出中心思想 topic sentence,解释说明中心思想 support sentence,总结重申中心思想 conclusion,段落的三成分 主题句,主题句是表示一个段落的中心思想的完整句子，这种句子是一种高度概
2、括性的陈述，而不涉及具体细节。根据具体写作的需要，主题句可放在段首、段中、段尾，或段首段尾两次出现，或不明确写出，而是暗示出来。写作的主要意图就是要让读者明白我们要表达的主要意思，这就是主题句的作用。因此，在撰写主题句时，最好开门见山，直接点名主题。,The room is located on the fifth floor of thehogh building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a
3、 cupboard loaded with pots, bowls, dishes, bottles, and bags of rice and flour. A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a chair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the bosex and trunks piled against the wall on the opposite side.,
4、主题句的形态,主题（a topic）,作者的观点（an opinion or statement）,The benefits of participating in sports are numerous. My favorite program is “Friend”. I enjoy the programs about real people and real experience.,判断下面三个句子中哪一个句子作为主题句开头最能体现写作的目的。,My room is on the second floor of our house. My room is the messiest ro
5、om on the second floor of our house.,主题句的作用 提示读者这一段的主要写作目的是什么 让读者产生预感，知道其后大致要涉及什么内容。People view money differently.Some people consider money the root of all evil.,主题句的特点 1. 主题句应具有概括性，而扩展句需要具体。 Each program will focus on a particular friend who can be either a celebrity or an everyday person. Friend
6、is a very popular talk show. The cost of making fake products is usually lower than real ones. We have to wonder why fake products are so prevalent.,2.主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事实。如: Many college students do part-time job. Many college students do part-time jobs for various reasons. Many people buy pirated p
7、roducts because the price is much lower than legal ones. The reason why people buy pirated products is various.,General Statement (一般陈述句) Specific Statement (具体陈述句) The person ate a big meal. Sandy ate a dozen eggs, a pound of bacon, six pieces of toast and drank a glass of orange juice before she w
8、ent to class this morning.,Supply a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs: Different colors usually stand for different feelings. Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate red with a strong feeling like
9、anger. Red is also used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of leaves in autumn. People say orange is a lively color. They associate orange with happiness. Yellow is the color of sunlight. People say it is a cheerful color. They associate yellow
10、, too, with happiness. Green is the cool color of grass in spring. People say it is a refreshing color.,Road is important in the development of history. It is the road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the road which controls the development of st
11、rategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the road that gives its frame-work to all economic development. It is the road which is the channel of all trade, and, what is more important, of all ideas. In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from place to place w
12、ould be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance without which organized society would be impossible, thus the road moves and controls all history.,A cat is not as devoted as a dog.A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to; and even when the house changes ha
13、nds, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort, and its love is only cupboard love,主题句写作提示,段落的三成分 支持句,主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用来进一步阐述、解释、说明主题句。可以用具体的事例、证据或进一
14、步论证的手法来达到支持主题句的目的。,一个段落的支持句有主要支持句(major supporting sentences)和次要支持句(minor supporting sentences)之分。 主要支持句的特点是围绕段落主题句展开，每一个支持句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。 次要支持句是指对主要支持句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个支持句。,There are several factors affecting climate. One factor is the amount of sunlight received. A
15、ltitude ,or the height above the sea level, also determines climate. The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent（邻近的） land. In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation(循环） of the atmosphere.,But the pirated products really do much harm. First, they infringe intellectual pr
16、operty rights. Second, they offend against the rules of the market. As a result of piracy, companies investing in invention will inevitably run bankruptcy and our society will stop where it is.,习作评析 Can Money Buy Happiness有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 我的看法（my opinio
17、n）,Some say that society today is based on money. There is no (主题句) question that money is important in our lives. People view （主题句） （转折句） money differently. Some people consider money a source of (主题句) happiness. To them, money is everything. They dream of（主要支持句） （次要支持句） luxury homes, clothes, jewe
18、lry, etc. In other words, they （次要支持句） dream of a luxurious lifestyle. They cannot imagine life（次要支持句） without money and material things.,The reasons of this phenomenon are very evident. Firstly, the lower price of pirated products attract most people. Many of us prefer to buy pirated books in lower
19、 price than buy a legal edition in very high price. Secondly, pirated products do not necessarily mean poor quality. Thirdly, in our country, peoples law awareness is very poor. Most of us do not realize the harm of pirated products.,The main reason the pirated products so popular is that people did
20、nt aware its harmful to the company of right. People also think, “the pirated products as same quality as legal products and pirated products are cheaper than legal products. Why we should buy the leagal products?” So more and more people buy the pirated products.,The main reason why pirated product
21、s are so popular is that peoples law awareness is very poor. They dont realize its harmful to the companies which produce legal products. People also think the quality of pirated products is as good as legal ones. Besides, pirated products are cheaper than legal ones. Why should we buy the legal pro
22、ducts? So more and more people buy the pirated products.,三大段落要素,1. 段落的单一性或一致性（unity)。Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified.即一个段落只能表达一个中心意思或中心思想，而这个中心最好限于一至二个句子的表述，其余表示事实、范例、原因、论证等的扩展句必须为这个中心服务。例如，
23、,Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that reading classics plays an important and beneficial role in the personal development and growth of people. Personally, ever since my childhood, nothing has been more attractive than reading the classic masterpieces. Taking a look around, we can find c
24、lassics from which people hugely benefit too numerous to list: The Dream in the Red Chamber, The Legend of Three Kingdoms, Bible and the like. (2006.12cet-6)1.阅读经典书籍对人的成长至关重要）,2. 段落的连贯性。(Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be
25、arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transition should be smooth and naturally.)段落的连贯性指的是段落所表达的中心合乎逻辑地发展。段落中的各个句子不是简单地、杂乱无章地堆在一起，而是按照一定逻辑关系，结合一定的语言形式有机地组合在一起，从而自然、流畅地展开中心。,例如， Exercise is good for us to build our bodies. It helps co - ordinate the different parts of our bodies when we have sp
26、orts. For example, we must try our best to co - ordinate the movements of the arms and legs when we play basketball, or we wont be able to shoot the basket. Exercise also benefits our organs. It lets the heart beat faster than usual, and then helps enlarge the blood vessels to protect us from heart
27、attacks.,Listed below are a controlling idea and nine sentences that develop the controlling idea. renumber the sentences to arrange them in what you think is the best order; then compose a paragraph, using the controlling idea as your first sentence. The controlling idea:Since I began living in an
28、apartment and going to school, my biggest problem has been the housework.,Cooking my food is a bigger problem. The worst problem is doing my laundry. Cleaning the apartment is not too bad; although it takes time away from my studies; at least when I finish the apartment looks nice. Sometimes the foo
29、d is burned, sometimes it is not cooked enough, and sometimes I have not measured correctly, so the food tastes terrible. Shopping for my food is more difficult because I dont know the English names of many foods, and often I have to spend extra time asking for help. The laundromat is far from my ap
30、artment, and I waste much valuable time. I have never had to cook before, and usually the results are discouraging. Mostly I am embarrassed as I sit in the laundromat with all the women, and so I wait until all my clothes are dirty before I do this horrible task. I also have trouble with the complic
31、ated instructions, so occasionally I end up with pink socks or a shirt that is too small.,3. 段落的过渡词。Transition.如果说段落的连贯性强调的是语言内在的逻辑关系，那么，段落的过渡词则强调的是语言表达形式上的连贯，它服务于逻辑关系的表达。段落的过渡词指的是段落中句子与句子间过渡的接连纽带. 方法有： A. Using parallel structures; B. Repeating words or words groups C. Using pronouns to refer to no
32、uns in preceding sentences,D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs. E. Using transitional expressions,1) Transitional phrases for spatial development:,above across from adjacent to also up under,before me below beyond further down around,here in the
33、 distance nearby next to close to near to,on the left on the right opposite to on top of beneath over,2) Transitional phrases for chronological development:,first, second, etc. in the meantime at the same time after an interval presently somewhat later,soon then next now later finally,eventually the
34、reupon thereafter after afterward at last,3) Transitional phrases for listing:,First, second, third, last Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally; The first, the second, the third, the last; In the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly;,To begin with, then, furthermore, finally; T
35、o start with, next, in addition, finally; First and foremost, besides, last but not least Most important of all, moreover, finally; On the one hand, on the other hand For one thing, for another thing,4) Transitional phrases for comparisons:,another equally important similarly,in addition to just ass
36、o,in the same manner at the same time like, likewise in the same way,5) Transitional phrases for contrasts:,on the contrary on the other hand despite yet, but unlike not onlybut also years agotoday the formerthe latter the firstwhereas the second on the one handon the other,different from in contras
37、t to in spite of whereas nevertheless herethere thisthat thennow someothers oncenow,6) Transitional phrases for summary:,in a word in brief in conclusion in summary in short,on the whole finally at last to sum up to conclude,7) Transitional phrases for result:,thus so consequently hence therefore,ac
38、cordingly as a result as a consequence on that account it turns out,8) Transitional phrases for emphasis:,chiefly especially indeed in fact certainly particularly actually above all,9) Transitional phrases for concession:,still yet clearly after all though,although nevertheless even though in spite
39、of,写作练习一：选择适当的过渡性词语填空,1. what explains the growing trend toward delayed childbearing? _, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting a family right away. _, many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children. _, more married women prefer to devote t
40、ime to their careers before having a baby.,In the first place,In addition,Finally,2. There is a growing trend toward delayed childbearing among young couples, _ a married, childless woman is still regarded as “horrible”.,Despite the fact that,3. Another reason is the current preoccupation with self-
41、fulfillment among young couples. _, one of my friends, who has no children, _ she has been married for eight years.,For example,even though,4. The uncertainty of how children will turn out is another factor in their decision. “I wont break my back for a kid who may turn out to be a criminal”, as a m
42、arried woman put it. _, they are unwilling to sacrifice their limited time, money and energy.,As a result,5. In the past people thought that it was good to have a big family and that when children got old enough to work, they could bring in money and take care of their parents. _, young people now r
43、egard children as a liability, both financial and emotional.,On the contrary,6. In the United States, childbearing has lost its appeal for many American women. _, more and more Chinese women put off having a child.,Likewise,7. The birth rate in many big cities begins to decline, _ the growing trend
44、toward delayed childbearing.,on account of,8. Obviously, young people are reluctant to have children simply because they fear they can not afford time and energy for raising a child. _, in the deep part of their hearts, they desire to have a child.,However,9. _, this trend represents a sharp break w
45、ith this nations traditional preoccupation with the needs of children.,In summary,写作练习二：删除与主题句无关的句子并使句子按照逻辑顺序排列，然后在把句子写成段落,TS： There are three kinds of book owners.those who have many books but have read through a few, dipped into most and marked none those who have a few books or many and have read
46、 and marked them all those who have all the standard sets and best-sellers but have read none those who have written many books,There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers unread and untouched. The second has a great many books a few of them read throug
47、h, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. The third has a few or many every one of them dog-eared dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.,TS: Students study English for different reasons.read ar
48、ticles and textbooks about their subject in English. get a better job after graduation attracted by the culture difficult to acquire,Students study English for different reasons. To begin with, they may need English to read articles and textbooks about their subject in English. Furthermore, they are
49、 attracted by the foreign culture. As a result, they are studying hard to know more about the English speaking people and countries. Finally, a good knowledge of English may help them get a better job after graduation.,段落的展开方法,1举例法(Exemplification)运用事实举例来说明一种观点、概念、情况等是最常用、最有效、最自然的扩展段落的一种方法。首先,所选的例子一定要为写作目的服务,并且是读者熟悉的例子。其次,所选的例子应该尽量具体。 一般遇到类似，现象、现状等关键词要用此法。如, (练习一下）1.目前盗版的现象比较严重 (2005.6) 1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重 (2004.1） 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 (2003.1) 1. 随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多(2008.6),
