1、Compunding: 合成法1.Noun Compounds:(1)N+N: moonwalk, end product, side effect, seashore, football, etc.(2)N+V: toothache, frostbite, handshake, shoeshine, etc.(3)V+N: tell-tale, cry wolf, alarm-clock, etc.(4)Adj+N: hotline, hotdog, blackhorse, deadline, white paper, etc.(5)N+V-ing: brainwashing, air-co
2、nditioning, brainstorming, etc.(6)V-ing+N: wading bird, reading room, cleaning lady, etc.(7)N+V-er:money keeper, stockholder, crime reporter, fault-finder, etc.(8)Adv+V:outbreak, downfall, outpour, input, outflow, etc.(9)V+Adv: hideout, sleepin, sit-in, knockout, flashback, etc.(10)V-ing+Adj:going-o
3、ver, carryings-on, etc.(11)Adv+V-ing:upbringing2.Adj Compounds:(1)N+V-ing: law-abiding, record-breaking, faultfinding, etc.(2)Adj+V-ing:easy-going, far-reaching, high-sounding, etc.(3)N+Adj:warweary, threadbare, etc.(4)Adj+Adj:deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, etc.(5)N+V-ed:weatherbeaten, custom-built, town-
4、bred, etc.(6)Adj/Adv+V-ed:far-fetched, outspoken, etc.(7)N/Adj+N-ed:short-sighted, lion-hearted, etc.(8)Num+N:ten-storey, four-leg, etc.(9)Num+N-ed:one-eyed, two-legged, etc.(10)Adv+V-ing:outstanding, forthcoming, etc.(11)V-ed+Adv:wornout, washed-up, etc.3. Verb Compounds(1)Through conversion:Nickna
5、me(n)-to nickname(v)Honeymoon(n)-to honeymoon(v)Moonlight(n)-to moonlight(v)(2)Through backformation:Lip-reading-to lip-readBottle-feeding-to bottle feedChain smoker-To chain smokeMass production-to mass produceConversion：转化法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class t
6、o another class.1.Conversion to Nouns(1)Verb to Nouns:(a)state of mind or sensation(doubt, want, desire, love, taste, doubt, etc. (b)Event or Activity: search, laugh, attempt, hit, release, shut-down, swim. (c)result of the action:catch, find, reject, buy, answer, etc. (d)Doer of the action:help, ch
7、eat, bore, coach, flirt, scold, stand-in, etc. (e)Tool or instrument to do the action: cover, wrap, cure, wrench, etc. (f)Place of action: pass, walk, divide, turn, retreat, etc.(2)Adjective to Nouns: (a)Words fully converted: white/liberal/native/republican/finals/necessaries/drinkables/valuables/n
8、ewly-weds, etc. (b)Words partially converted: the poor/the rich/the young/ the wounded.(3)Miscellaneous Conversion:Would you like a with or without?/His argument contains a lot of ifs and buts./life is full of ups and downs./Rubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders.2. Co
9、nversion to Verbs(1)Noun to verb:can, shelter, oil, grease, arm, finance, coat, skin, juice, pump, brake, nurse, father, parrot, mail, etc.(2)Adjective to verb:yellow, green, narrow, wet, empty, still, forward, free, blind, etc.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation/Shortening is to shorten a longer word by
10、cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.1.Back clipping: Ad-advertisement, Bike-bicycle, exam-examination, gent-gentleman, hippo-hippopotamus, memo-memorandum, photo-photograph, kilo-kilogram, dorm-dormitary, etc.2.Front clipping: copter-helicopter, phone-telephone, scope-tele
11、scope, quake-earthquake, chute-parachute, etc.3.Front and back clipping: Flu-influenza, fridge-refrigerator, script-prescription, etc.4.Syncope: idolatry-idololatry, symbology-symbolology, pacifist-pacificist, etc.5.Phrase clipping: pub-public house, perm-permanent waves, zoo-zoological garden, pop-
12、popular music, etc.6.Contraction: Cant, govt, eer, etc.Acronymy:首字母法Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms1.Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.A. D.(Anno Dom
13、ini), B. C. VOA(Voice of America), BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), UFO, TU, TV, ID.2.Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.TOEFL, NATO, UNESCO, Laser(Lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), Radar(radio detecting and ranging)Blendi
14、ng: 拼缀法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Blends are called Portmanteau.1. Head+tail: Autocideautomobile+suicide, motelmotor+hotel, slurbslum+suburb, cremainscremate+remains, chunnelchannel+tunnel2. Head+head: comsatcommunica
15、tion+satellite, telexteleprinter+exchange, AmerindAmerican+Indian, sitcomsituation+comedy3. Head+word: medicaremedical+care, EurasiaEurope+Asia, telequiztelephone+quiz, autocampautomobile+camp4. Word+tail: Lunarnautlunar+astronaut, bookmobilebook+automobile, workfarework+welfare, tourmobiletour+auto
16、mobileBackformation: 逆生法Backformation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes(not true suffixes but inseparable parts
17、of words). Words created through backformation are mostly verbs.Abstract Nouns: diagnosediagnosis, donatedonation, enthuseenthusiasm, emoteemotion.Human Nouns: Loafloafer, sculptsculptor, burgleBurglar, begbeggarCompound Nouns/Others: eavesdropeavesdropping, merrymakemerrymaking, BabysitbabysitterAdjectives: drowsedrowsy, lazelazy, frivolfrivolous
