1、学术英语 人文,Academic English for Humanities,Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Academic Language and Discourse Listening Speaking Writing,Unit Contents,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,Lead-inLead-in activities,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,The way we are!,Lead-in,Activities,Interpret the following terms from ancient
2、Chinese philosophy.,a. Tao b. Wu Wei c. Yin d. Yang,Are you a Taoist or a Confucian? Why?,Lead-in,Tao,Supplementary information,The word “Tao” is itself a fairly vague term. Literally, it means “the way”, “the path”, “the road”, or “the method”. It is hard to grasp the essence of “Tao”, as it has lo
3、ts of connotations. In Taoism, the term is often associated with fluidity and constant change. In Dao De Jing, the Taoist canon, Tao is often described as the universe, and as nothingness.,Lead-in,Wu wei,Supplementary information,Wu wei is one of the most important concepts in Taoism, second only to
4、 Tao itself. Sometimes translated as “non-doing” or “non-action”, the most common interpretation of the term is action that is natural. It can be summarized as the cultivation of a state of mind in which our actions are quite effortlessly in agreement with the cycles of nature.,Lead-in,Yin and yang,
5、Supplementary information,Yin and yang are two opposite yet complementary principles or forces in nature. They are important concepts in traditional Chinese medicine and philosophy. Typically, the term yin is usually associated with something negative, dark, and feminine, such as the earth, darkness
6、, femininity, cold, moisture, softness and inactivity, etc., whereas yang is connected with things that are positive, bright, and masculine, such as the sky, light, masculinity, heat, dryness and activity.,Classroom activitiesSupplementary information,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,Text A Taoism,Taoism,
7、Text A,Classroom activities,Summarize Text A base on your answers to Task 1 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P200,Suggested answer:,(To be continued),Text A,Classroom activities,Suggested answer (cont.):,Taoism,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Read
8、ing and Thinking / Text A. P201,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q1:,Tao is a metaphysical term in the Chinese philosophy of Taoism. It cannot be defined in exact words because of its abstract qualities. Literally, it means “the way”, “the path”, “the route” or even “the princip
9、le” and “the method”. In Dao De Jing, Laozi said Tao is eternally nameless, and the named things are all the manifestations of Tao. In a word, Tao can be epitomized as the underlying natural order of the universe. In this sense, Tao is somewhat similar to the notion of “God” in various religions as
10、Tao and God created the universe and everything in the world. But Tao is formless, and in many Western religions, God is anthropomorphic.,Taoism,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P201,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested
11、answer for Q2:,In Taoism, De (virtue) refers to the power or virtue that a Taoist practitioner attains in order to achieve unity with Tao. It is more related to ones inward obedience to the nature with simplicity and spontaneity. But in Confucianism, the term De (virtue) has more to do with morality
12、 or moral characters.,Taoism,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P201,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q3:,In Taoism, De (virtue) refers to the power or virtue that a Taoist practitioner attains in order to a
13、chieve unity with Tao. It is more related to ones inward obedience to the nature with simplicity and spontaneity. But in Confucianism, the term De (virtue) has more to do with morality or moral characters.,Taoism,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and
14、 Thinking / Text A. P201,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q4:,The “Happy Mean” (also the Golden Mean, or the doctrine of mean) is a core concept of Confucianism. It says that in all activities and thoughts one has to stick to the middle point in order to achieve balance and avoi
15、d all extremes. This will result in harmony in action, and eventually in a harmonious society.,Taoism,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P201,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q5:,The “One” or “Oneness” refer
16、s to the Tao, the universal force, whereas the “Many” comes from the One. Laozi said in Dao De Jing that “From the One came the two, came the three, came the Ten Thousand myriad of things.” It is important to embrace the One in Taoism, which is called shou yi (守一).,Taoism,Text A,Supplementary inform
17、ation,Laozi was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of Dao De Jing. He has been generally considered the founding figure of Taoism. He lived around the 6th century BC, and spent most of his life doing public services. Dao De Jing was allegedly composed by Laozi at the req
18、uest of Yin Xi (尹喜), the Guardian of the Mountain Pass, while Laozi was traveling west. Dao De Jing is fundamental to both philosophical and religious aspects of Taoism and has strongly influenced other schools. It is made up of 81 short chapters, among which the first 37 chapters form the first par
19、t, dealing with Tao, and the remaining 44 chapters constitute the second part, dwelling on the concept of De.,Laozi and Dao De Jing (Para. 1),Taoism,Text A,Supplementary information,Zhuangzi was a leading philosopher of Taoism. He lived in northern China in the 4th century BC. Not much is known abou
20、t his life apart from the many descriptions in The Book of Zhuangzi, which bears the same name as the author. Sima Qian offered a brief biographical sketch of Zhuangzi, saying that Zhuangzi was a minor official in his home state.The Book of Zhuangzi is much longer than Laozis Dao De Jing, with long
21、chapters spiced with stories, parables and allegories. It is composed of 33 chapters, but scholars usually agree that the first seven chapters, the “inner chapters”, were written by Zhuangzi himself, while the “outer chapters” and the miscellany written by his later followers. Zhuangzis teachings we
22、re drawn primarily from the sayings of Laozi. He believed that only by understanding Tao and believing in unity can man achieve true happiness and freedom both in life and after death.,Zhuangzi and The Book of Zhuangzi (Para. 1),Taoism,Classroom activitiesSupplementary information,Unit 10 Chinese Ph
23、ilosophy,Text B Confucianism and Taoism,Confucianism and Taoism,Text B,Classroom activities,Check the answers to Task 1 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text B. P207,Suggested answer: 1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 T,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking
24、 / Text B. P207,Suggested answer for Q1:,Confucianism and Taoism,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P207,Suggested answer for Q2:,Neo-Confucianism is an ethical and social philosophy aiming to create a more rational form of Confucian
25、ism. It lays emphasis on human reason in its attempt to understand the universe. Although neo-Confucianism was critical of the superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism, it still borrowed some terms from Taoism. For example, as mentioned in Text B, Wang Yangming, a great master of neo-Confuciani
26、sm borrowed the three terms of the spirit, the vital force and the essence to explain his doctrine regarding “innate good knowledge”.,Confucianism and Taoism,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P207,Suggested answer for Q3: Many of th
27、e core concepts of Confucianism were in the interest of the ruling class, which is the primary reason for its ascendancy to the state orthodoxy. For example, Confucianism encourages people to be loyal to the emperors, respectful to their leaders, and pious to their parents. Its Golden Mean rule advi
28、ses people not to go to extremes.,Confucianism and Taoism,Text B,Classroom activities,Give a three-minute presentation on your findings in Researching / Text B. P207,Confucianism and Taoism,The Five Elements (Para. 3),Text B,Supplementary information,Taoism believes that Tao, the One, gives rise to
29、yin and yang forces, which then gives birth to the Five Elements, whose various combinations produce the Ten Thousand Things. The Five Elements, also called Five Movements or wu xing, are the Wood, the Fire, the Earth, the Metal, and the Water. Technically speaking, they represent various stages of
30、transformation in the recurring cycles of nature and human conditions. These elements are in constant movement and change.,Confucianism and Taoism,Legalism (Para. 3),Text B,Supplementary information,Legalism was a major philosophical school during the Warring States Period. Its most famous proponent
31、 was Han Feizi. Legalism can be categorized as a political philosophy as its main concern is the most effective way of governing the society, instead of contemplations about the nature and the purpose of existence. Legalism starts with the premise that human nature is evil, and the legalists believe
32、 that the best way to control the selfish human behavior is through written law rather than through ritual, customs or ethics.,Confucianism and Taoism,The three-in-one eclecticism (Para. 6),Text B,Supplementary information,The three dominant teachings or doctrines in China are the Confucianism, Taoi
33、sm and Buddhism. These three doctrines were originally independent of one another. Starting from the Song dynasty, there were interactions among these teachings, and the integration or synthesizing process went on until the Ming dynasty.,Confucianism and Taoism,The Five Constant Virtues (Para. 6),Te
34、xt B,Supplementary information,In Confucianism, the basic ethical code is called the Five Constant Virtues (wu chang), which are humaneness or benevolence (仁), righteousness (义), propriety or ritual (礼), wisdom (智), and faithfulness or fidelity (信).,Confucianism and Taoism,Supplementary information
35、Classroom activities,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,Text C Chinese Buddhist Ethics,Text C,Supplementary information,Chan Buddhism,Chinese Buddhist Ethics,Chan Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism (大乘佛教). The word “Chan” derives from the Sanskrit “dhyana”, meaning “meditation”. In Japan, Chan Buddhi
36、sm is known as “Zen”. Chan Buddhism first emerged in the 5th century in China. Chan Buddhism asserts that enlightenment can be attained through meditation, selfcontemplation, and intuition rather than through the practice of good deeds, rites, and ceremonies.,Text C,Classroom activities,Check your a
37、nswers to the Task 1 in Text C. P210,Suggested answer: 1 我: self or I. Buddhism believes that the notion of “self ” is a delusion because it is just an imagined entity, and human beings are merely a part of the ceaseless becoming of the universe.2 禅: Chan or Zen. It derives from the Sanskrit “dhyana
38、”, which literally means meditation. Meditation helps a Buddhist achieve a sudden enlightenment or transformation.3 超然: detachment or non-attachment. Detachment is a state in which a person overcomes his or her attachment to self-regarding cares or concerns in order to live a serene and holy life.,C
39、hinese Buddhist Ethics,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,Academic Language and Discourse Specialized vocabularySignpost languageFormal EnglishDiscourse analysis of Text B,Specialized Vocabulary,Check the answers to Task 1 / Language building-up / Text A. P201,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answe
40、rs: 1 1 Taoism 2 the Happy Mean/the Golden Mean/the doctrine of the mean 3 Confucianism 4 wu wei/non-action 5 the sages of old 6 the One and the Many2 1 the Golden Mean 2 non-action 3 Confucianism/Taoism; Taoism/Confucianism,Find all the terms related to Chinese philosophy in Text B and Text C.,Acad
41、emic language and discourse,Specialized Vocabulary,unity of heaven and humanity; the Five Elements; Legalism; the state orthodoxy; filial piety; the Golden Mean; neo-Confucianism; substance and function; nature and destiny; the Five Constant Virtues; Chan Buddhism; self; Enlightenment; attachment; d
42、etachment,Suggested answer:,Signpost Language,Check the answers to Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A. P202,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answers: 1 All in all 2 What we have achieved so far 3 Thus 4 In short,Formal English,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answers: 1 expunge
43、d 2 repudiated 3 strife 4 contrived 5 equilibrium 6 diminution,Check the answers to Task 3 / Language building-up / Text A. P202,Formal English,Academic language and discourse,The following sentences are from Text C. Find one formal English word from each sentence.,Formal English,Academic language a
44、nd discourse,Suggested answers: indigenous: native epitomize: be a good example extinguish: kill contamination: pollution allegiance: loyalty homage: respect,The following sentences are from Text C. Find one formal English word from each sentence.,Academic language and discourse,The Wade-Giles roman
45、ization system,Supplementary information,Academic language and discourse,The Wade-Giles romanization system,Supplementary information,ListeningClassroom activities,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,Work in small groups to discuss the question in Task 1 / Listening. P210,Listening,Classroom activities,Integ
46、rated practice,Suggested answer: In Taoism the central idea is relationship. Human beings should not take nature for a thing to be mastered but as a partner in a relationship. The purpose of human beings is to become natural part of the original order. The way to discover that original order is to t
47、urn to nature.,Check the answers to Task 2 / Listening. P211,Listening,Classroom activities,Suggested answer: (1) address (2) the way that everything in the world is interconnected (3) energy is flowing (4) specifying (5) held power in the government (6) religious (7) philosophical (8) fairly rare,
48、actually (9) relations that everyone has to other people (10) expend your energy (11) put yourself out for (12) ethical responsibilities (13) protecting your vitality,Integrated practice,Check the answers to Task 3 / Listening. P211,Listening,Classroom activities,Suggested answer: 1 Dao De Jing and
49、Zhuangzi. 2 First, humorous stories are used to make hilosophical points. Secondly, the stories are frequently defying our expectations. 3 Taoists argue that Confucians place too much emphasis on rituals and political office, which is a waste of energy, effort and vitality.,Integrated practice,SpeakingClassroom activities,Unit 10 Chinese Philosophy,The Chinese word “Tao” has the connotations similar to the concept of Logos in the Western philosophy. Do a research comparing Tao and Legos. Make a presentation about your findings.,
